154. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), pp. 288--289.
155. I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 379.
156. Ibid. , p. x, n. 1.
157. Louise Narvaez, Degrelle m'a dit, Postface by Degrelle (Brussels: Editions du Baucens, 1977), pp. 360--361.
158. J. Gobbels, Tagebucher aus den Jahren 1942--1943, (Zurich, 1948), p. 322. Quoted in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, La seconde guerre mondiale: caracteres fondamentaux de la politique et de la strategie, vol. 1, pp. 213--214.
159. F. Chueva, Sto sorok besed s MOLOTOVYM (One hundred forty conversations with Molotov) (Moscow: Terra, 1991), p. 413.
160. Roman Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 343--344.
161. Ibid. , p. 344.
162. E. H. Cookridge, Gehlen: Spy of the Century (New York: Random House, 1972), pp. 57--58.
163. Vlasov and Vlasovites. New Times 44 (1990), pp. 36--40.
164. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918--1956. An Experiment in Literary Investigation I--II (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 253, note.
165. A. M. Vasilevsky, A Lifelong Cause (Moscow: Progress, 1973), pp. 139--141.
166. Solzhenitsyn, op. cit. , p. 255.
167. Ibid. , pp. 258--259.
168. Ibid. , p. 261.
169. Ibid. , pp. 256--257.
170. Tokaev, op. cit. , pp. 83--84.
171. Ibid. , p. 1.
172. Ibid. , p. 5.
173. Ibid. , p. 220.
174. Ibid. , p. 75.
175. Ibid. , p. 8.
176. Ibid. , p. 45.
177. Ibid. , p. 15.
178. Ibid. , p. 21.
179. Ibid. , p. 160.
180. Ibid. , p. 17.
181. Ibid. , p. 189.
182. Ibid. , p. 274.
183. Ibid. , p. 17.
184. Ibid. , p. 6.
185. Ibid. , p. 118.
186. Ibid. , p. 22.
187. Ibid. , p. 215.
188. Ibid. , p. 28.
189. Ibid. , pp. 9, 47.
190. Ibid. , p. 84.
191. Ibid. , pp. 74--75.
192. Ibid. , p. 6.
193. Ibid. , pp. 17--18.
194. Ibid. , p. 20.
195. Ibid. , p. 22.
196. Ibid. , p. 7.
197. Ibid. , p. 63.
198. Ibid. , p. 2.
199. Ibid. , p. 37.
200. Ibid. , pp. 48--49.
201. Ibid. , p. 48.
202. Ibid. , p. 34.
203. Ibid. , p. 64.
204. Ibid. , p. 156.
205. Ibid. , pp. 156--157.
206. Ibid. , p. 159--160.
207. Ibid. , p. 183.
208. Ibid. , p. 188.
209. Ibid. , p. 352.
210. Getty, op. cit. , p. 137.
211. Ibid. , p. 155.
212. Ibid. , p. 162.
213. Ibid. , pp. 170--171.
214. Ibid. , p. 178.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid. , p. 177.
217. Ibid. , p. 185.
218. On Errors of Party Organizations in Expelling Communists from the Party, on Formal Bureaucratic Attitudes toward the Appeals of Those Expelled from the VKP(b), and on Measures to Eliminate These Short-comings (18 January 1938). McNeal, op. cit. , p. 188.
219. Ibid. , pp. 190--192.
220. Khrushchev, Secret Report, p. S26.
221. Ibid. , p. 194.
222. Tokaev, op. cit. , p. 119.
223. Ibid. , p. 101.
224. Nouvelles de Moscou 26 (30 June 1992), p. 15.
225. Rittersporn, op. cit. , p. 12.
226. Getty, op. cit. , p. 176.
227. Ibid. , p. 190.
228. Rittersporn, op. cit. , p. 12.
229. Getty, op. cit. , pp. 257--258, n. 16.
230. Conquest's figures and those that refute his claims all come from Nicolas Werth, `Goulag: les vrais chiffres', op. cit. . See also Getty, Rittersporn and Zemskov, op. cit. .
231. Roy A. Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 19.
232. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989), p. 89.
233. Ibid. , p. 176.
234. Ibid. , p. 206.
235. Peter Dodge, Beyond Marxism: The Faith and Works of Hendrik de Man (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966), pp. 196--197.
236. Henri Amouroux, Quarante millions de petainistes (Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1977).
Chapter 8
1. Bernard, op. cit. , p. 9.
2. Ibid. , p. 121.
3. Ibid. , p. 123.
4. Ibid. , p. 11.
5. Ibid. , pp. 48--50.
6. Trotsky, Thermidor et l'antisemitisme (22 February 1937). La lutte, pp. 143--144.
7. Trotsky, The World Situation and Perspectives (14 February 1940). Writings, vol. 12, pp. 148--149.
8. P. J. S. Serrarens, La Russie et l'Occident (Utrecht: Confederation Internationale des Syndicats Chretiens, n.d.), pp. 33, 37.
9. Trotsky, The World Situation, p. 148.
10. Ibid. , p. 149.
11. Ibid. , p. 149.
12. Trotsky, La capitulation de Staline (11 March 1939). La lutte, p. 216.
13. Trotsky, Cain Dugachvili va jusqu'au bout (April 1938). L'appareil, p. 238.
14. Trotsky, La capitulation de Staline, p. 216.
15. Trotsky, Nouvelles defections (17 March 1938). La lutte, pp. 161--162.
16. Trotsky, On the Eve of World War II (23 July 1939). Writings, vol. 12, p. 18.
17. Trotsky, Staline et Hitler (12 March 1938). L'appareil, p. 234.
18. Trotsky, L'armee contre Staline (6 March 1938). L'appareil, pp. 197, 201.
19. Trotsky, On the Eve of World War II, p. 19.
20. Trotsky, Les defaitistes totalitaires (3 July 1939). La lutte, pp. 166--169.
21. Trotsky, A Political Dialogue, pp. 156, 158.
22. Trotsky, Stalin After the Finnish Experience (13 March 1940). Writings, vol. 12, p. 160.
23. Trotsky, Lettres aux travailleurs d'URSS (May 1940). La lutte, pp. 301--302.
24. Trotsky, The Twenty-First Anniversary (14 November 1938). Writings, vol. 11, p. 111.
25. Tokaev, op. cit. , p. 188.
26. Trotsky, Le gouvernement sovietique applique-t-il toujours les principes definis il y a vingt ans? (13 January 1938). La lutte, pp. 159--160.
27. Trotsky, A Fresh Lesson: After the ``Imperialist Peace'' at Munich (10 October 1938). Writings, vol. 11, p. 68.
28. Trotsky, Cain Dougachvili va jusqu'au bout, p. 238.
29. Trotsky, Les defaitistes totalitaires, pp. 165, 169.
30. Leon Trotsky, The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International. The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1974), p. 103.
31. Ibid. , pp. 103--106.
32. Ibid. , p. 105.
33. Trotsky, Lettres aux travailleurs d'URSS, p. 303.
Chapter 9
1. Stalin, Works, vol. 13, p. 309.
2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R., Documents and Materials Relating to the Eve of the Second World War (New York: International Publishers, 1948). vol. 1, p. 271.
3. Ibid. , vol. 2, pp. 110--111.
4. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), p. 705.
5. Sipols and Kharmalov, A la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Moscow: Editions Novosti, 1973), p. 262.
6. Grigori Deborine, Les secrets de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Moscow: Editions du Progres, 1972), p. 35.
7. Winston S. Churchill, op. cit. , p. 449.
8. Cited in La grande guerre nationale de l'Union sovietique (Moscow: Editions du Progres, 1974), p. 20.
9. G. Zhukov, The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov (London: Jonathan Cape, 1971), p. 171.
10. Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres de Finlande, Documents sur les relations finno-sovietiques (Paris: Editions Flammarion, 1940), pp. 93--95, 109.
11. Jacobsen, op. cit. , vol. 1, p. 118.
12. Pavel Zhiline, Ambitions et meprises du Troisieme Reich, (Moscow: Editions du Progres, 1972), p. 74.
13. Bernard Serrigny, L'Allemagne face a la guerre totale (Paris: Editions Grasset, 1940), p. 228.
14. Falsificateurs de l'Histoire (Brussels: Editions ABS, 1948), p. 118.
15. Petite encyclopedie politique du monde (Rio de Janeiro: Editions Chanteclair, 1943), p. 136.
16. Khrushchev, Secret Report, pp. S36, S38.
17. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 107.
18. Ibid. , p. 137.
19. Ibid. , pp. 107.
20. Ibid. , p. 138.
21. Ibid. , p. 139.
22. Ibid. , p. 140.
23. La grande guerre nationale, op. cit. , p. 33.
24. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 191.
25. Zhukov, op. cit. , pp. 198--199. La grande guerre nationale, op. cit. , p. 33.
26. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 201. La grande guerre nationale, op. cit. , p. 33.
27. Zhukov, op. cit. , pp. 197. La grande guerre nationale, op. cit. , p. 33.
28. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 192.
29. Ibid. , p. 180.
30. Ibid. , p. 170.
31. Ibid. , p. 211.
32. Ibid. , p. 173.
33. Ibid. , p. 184.
34. Ibid. , pp. 185--186.
35. Ibid. , p. 213.
36. Zhiline, op. cit. , p. 212. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 209.
37. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 196.
38. Ibid. , 217--218.
39. Ibid. , p. 225.
40. Ibid. , p. 226.
41. Ibid. , p. 227.
42. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , pp. S36--S37.
43. Ibid. , pp. 37--39.
44. Jean Elleinstein, Staline (Paris: Fayard, 1984), p. 262.
45. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 84.
46. Ibid. , p. 83.
47. Deborine, op. cit. , pp. 73--74.
48. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 224.
49. Sefton Demler, Black Boomerang (London: Secker & Warburg, 1962), pp. 59--60.
50. De Morgen, 23 January 1993, p. 21.
51. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 223.
52. Ibid. , p. 228.
53. Ibid. , pp. 228--229.
54. Ibid. , p. 230.
55. Ibid. , pp. 232--233.
56. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S40.
57. Ibid. , pp. S19--S20.
58. Elleinstein, op. cit. , p. 269.
59. Zhukov, op. cit. , pp 235--236.
60. Ibid. , p. 268.
61. Ibid. , p. 236.
62. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S39.
63. Ibid. , p. 268.
64. Ibid. , p. 238.
65. Ibid. , p. 242.
66. Ibid. , p. 256.
67. Stalin, The German invasion of the Soviet Union. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers, 1945), pp. 13--17.
68. Ibid. , p. 275.
69. A. M. Vasilevsky, A Lifelong Cause (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973), p. 96.
70. Alexandre Beck, La chaussee de Volokolamsk (Paris: Editions Bordas, 1946).
71. Stalin, The twenty-fourth anniversary of the October Revolution, The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Revolution, pp. 35--38.
72. K. K. Rokossovsky, A Soldier's Duty (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985), p. 87.
73. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 128.
74. Jacobsen, op. cit. , pp. 119--120.
75. Alan Clark, La Guerre a l'Est (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), p. 250.
76. Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The ``Final Solution'' in History (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), p. 349.
77. Clark, op. cit. , p. 251.
78. Mayer, op. cit. , p. 251.
79. Hitler parle a ses generaux (Paris: Albin Michel, 1964), pp. 39--40.
80. Mayer, op. cit. , p. 281.
81. Heinrich Himmler, Discours secrets (Paris: Gallimard, 1978), p. 191.
82. Eremenko, pp. 153--154.
83. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 260.
84. Elleinstein, op. cit. , p. 283.
85. Himmler, op. cit. , p. 205.
86. Ibid. , p. 187.
87. Mayer, op. cit. , p. 234.
88. Ibid. , p. 244.
89. Ibid. , p. 106.
90. Ibid. , p. 101.
91. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941), pp. 450--451.
92. Brzezinski, op. cit. , p. 27.
93. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S36.
94. Ibid. , p. S43.
95. Ibid. , p. S13.
96. Ibid. , p. S34.
97. Elleinstein, op. cit. , pp. 284, 282.
98. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , pp. 91--93.
99. Ibid. , p. 449.
100. Chtemenko, L'Etat-Major general sovietique en guerre (Moscow: Editions du Progres, 1976), vol. 2, p. 319.
101. Zhukov, op. cit. , pp. 267--268.
102. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S38.
103. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 99.
104. Rokossovsky, op. cit. , pp. 118--119.
105. Khrushchev, Secret Report, op. cit. , p. S40.
106. Ibid. , p. S42.
107. Ibid. , p. S41.
108. Ibid. , p. S40.
109. Elleinstein, op. cit. , p. 285.
110. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 281.
111. Ibid. , p. 282.
112. Chtemenko, op. cit. , p. 354.
113. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 451.
114. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 375.
115. Zhukov, pp. 282--283.
116. Vasilevsky, p. 285.
117. Ibid. .
118. Ibid. , p. 450.
119. Ibid. , p. 159.
120. Ibid. , p. 161.
121. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 283.
122. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 448.
123. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 283.
124. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , p. 452.
125. Ibid. , p. 451.
126. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 284.
127. Khrushchev, Secret Report, pp. S42--S43.
128. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941--1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 536.
129. Vasilevsky, op. cit. , pp. 449--450.
130. Ibid. , p. 452.
131. Ibid. , p. 447--448.
132. Zhukov, op. cit. , p. 285.
133. Ibid. , pp. 284--285.
Chapter 10
1. Staline, Discours 9 fevrier 1946, uvres (Editions NBE, 1975), vol. XIV, pp. 189--191.
2. Ibid. , pp. 193--196.
3. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 6th edition, p. 301.
4. Ibid. , p. 313.
5. Bettelheim, op. cit. , pp. 148, 151.
6. Dobb, op. cit. , p. 316.