By All Means Necessary (32 page)

3
. Andrew Gordon,
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 245–246.

4
. United States International Trade Commission,
Steel Industry Annual Report on Competitive Conditions in the Steel Industry and Industry Efforts to Adjust and Modernize: Report to the President on Investigation No. 332-289 Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930
(U.S. International Trade Commission, 1991); and International Iron and Steel Institute,
Steel Statistical Yearbook 1983
(Brussels, Belgium: International Iron and Steel Institute, 1984).

5
. Daojiong Zha, “China's Energy Security: Domestic and International Issues, ”
Survival
48
, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 182. From the article: “International reaction to China's pursuit of supply security through offshore energy sources, particularly oil and gas, has put Beijing on the defensive. In some ways this is a repetition of the Japanese experience in the 1970s and 1980s, when there were serious debates about the impact on the world's economic and political structures of Tokyo's pursuit of high economic growth.”

6
. The discussion of Japanese investment strategies here is drawn largely from Raymond Vernon,
Two Hungry Giants: The United States
and Japan in the Quest for Oil and Ores
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

7
. Ibid., 84.

8
. Ibid., 96–97.

9
. Ibid., 100.

10
. Ibid., 101.

11
. For example, Decca Aitkenhead, “Dambisa Moyo: ‘The World Will Be Drawn into a War for Resources, '”
Guardian
, June 24, 2012; Clifford Krauss, “Chinese and U.S. Demand Drives Commodities Surge, ”
New York Times
, January 15, 2008; and “A Ravenous Dragon, ” Special Report: China's Quest for Resources,
Economist
, March 13, 2008.

12
. For example, George W. Bush,
National Security Strategy of the United States of America
, March 16, 2006,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/index.html
; U.S. House of Representatives, “Congressional Record-House: June 30, 2005” (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2005), H5515; and Heriberto Araujo and Juan Pablo Cardenal, “China's Economic Empire, ”
New York Times,
June 1, 2013.

13
. For example, U.S. Senate, “Energy Trends in China and India: Implications for the United States, ” Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, S. HRG. 109-326, July 26, 2005 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2006), 24; and John Lee, “China's Geostrategic Search for Oil, ”
Washington Quarterly
35,
no. 3 (Summer 2012): 75–92.

14
. For example, Dan Blumenthal, “Is China at Present (or Will China Become) a Responsible Stakeholder in the International Community?” paper prepared for “China Becoming a Responsible Stakeholder, ” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, June 11, 2007,
http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Bates_paper.pdf
, 6; Jonathan Watts, “China's Exploitation of Latin American Natural Resources Raises Concern, ”
Guardian,
March 25, 2013; George Obulutsa and Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala, “Africa's Trade Ties with China in Spotlight as President Xi Visits, ”
Reuters
, March 24, 2013; and Joshua Partlow, “Afghan Minister Accused of Taking Bribe, ”
Washington Post,
November 18, 2009.

15
. For example, Leszek Buszynski, “The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry, ”
Washington Quarterly
35,
no. 2 (Spring 2012): 139–156; Brahma Chellaney,
Water: Asia's New Battleground
(Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011); and Edward Wong, “China Quietly Extends Footprints into Central Asia, ”
New York Times
, January 2, 2011.

16
. For example, David E. Sanger, “China's Oil Needs Are High on U.S. Agenda, ”
New York Times,
April 19, 2006; Tania Branigan, “China's Role on World Stage Is No Cause for Alarm, Says Barack Obama, ”
Guardian
, November 14, 2009; and “China Faces Charges of Colonialism in Africa-Asia Pacific,
” International Herald Tribune,
January 28, 2007.

17
. For example, Kenneth S. Deffeyes,
Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Kevin G. Hall, “Mideast's Own Oil Consumption Helping to Drive Prices Up, ”
McClatchy Newspapers
, April 17, 2008,
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2008/04/17/34056/mideasts-own-oil-consumption-helping.html#
.Uikc6FeGVyI; and Ed Wallace, “Blame High Oil Prices on Speculators and Bernanke, ”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, April 19, 2011,
http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/apr2011/pi20110419_786652.html
.

18
. For example, Daniel A. Summer, “Recent Commodity Price Movements in Historical Perspective, ”
American Journal of Agricultural Economics
91, no. 5 (2009): 1250–1256.

19
. For example, John Seaman, “Energy Security, Transnational Pipelines, and China's Role in Asia, ” Asie Visions no. 27, Institut français des relations internationals, April 2010; and Trevor Houser, “The Roots of Chinese Oil Investment Abroad, ”
Asia Policy
no. 5 (January 2008): 141–166.

20
. For Japanese resource investment strategies, see Raymond Vernon,
Two Hungry Giants: The United States and Japan in the Quest for Oil and Ores
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

21
. For example, Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, “Barking up the Wrong Tree: Human Rights Watch and Chinese Copper Mining in Zambia, ”
Pambazuka News
no. 563, December 12, 2011,
http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/78660
; and Ton Han Shih and Jennifer Cheng, “China in Africa, No Worse Than Others, ”
South China Morning Post,
August 15, 2012,
http://www.scmp.com/article/999184/china-africa-no-worse-others
.

22
. For example, Sara Schaefer Munoz, “Colombia Investigates Corporate Land Deals, ”
Barron's,
June 30, 2013,
http://online.barrons.com/article/SB40001424127887323689204578571832721057220.html
; and Damien McElroy, “Protest at the Great African Land Grab, ” Telegraph, October 4, 2012.

23
. For example, Ana Cristina Alves, “China and Gabon: A Growing Resource Partnership, ” China in Africa Project Report no. 4, South African Institute for International Affairs, 2008.

24
. For example, Brendan Taylor, “Storm in Teacup over South China Sea, ”
The Australian,
May 11, 2012,
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/world-commentary/storm-in-teacup-over-south-china-sea/story-e6frg6ux-1226352425072
.

25
. For example, Isabel Hilton, “Diverting the Brahmaputra—Much Ado About Nothing?” China Water Risk, February 9, 2012,
http://chinawaterrisk.org/opinions/diverting-the-brahmaputra-much-ado-about-nothing/
.

26
. For example, Bates Gill, “China Becoming a Responsible Stakeholder, ” paper prepared for “China Becoming a Responsible Stakeholder, ” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, June 11, 2007,
http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Bates_paper.pdf
.

27
. For example, Daniel J. Kostecka, “Places and Bases: The Chinese Navy's Emerging Support Network in the Indian Ocean, ”
Naval War College Review
64, no. 1 (Winter 2011).

28
. For an example of the former, see Evan A. Feigenbaum, “China's Military Posture and the New Economic Geopolitics, ”
Survival
41, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 71–88.

1
. Hok-lam Chan, “The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-his, and Hsuan-te Reigns, 1399–1435, ” in
The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
, vol. 12, ed. Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (Cambridge Histories Online, 1988), 232–236.

2
. Christopher A. Ford,
The Mind of Empire: China's History and Modern Foreign Relations
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2010), 106–107.

3
. Mark Elvin,
The Pattern of the Chinese Past
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973), 217.

4
. John K. Fairbank, “Introduction: Maritime and Continental in China's History, ” in
Republican China, 1912–1949
, vol. 12, ed. John K. Fairbank and Denis Twitchett (Cambridge Histories Online, 1983), 17.

5
. Emma Jinhua Teng,
Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006).

6
. Ramon H. Myers and Yeh-chien Wang, “Economic Developments, 1644–1800, ” in
The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part One
, vol. 9, ed. Willard J. Peterson (Cambridge Histories Online, 2002), 589.

7
. Peter H. Calkins, “Twenty-Three Centuries of Chinese Trade, ”
Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics
48 (December 2000), 465.

8
. Elvin,
Pattern of the Chinese Past
, 215–219, 289–293.

9
. Ibid., 217.

10
. Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
(New York: Norton, 1990), 57.

11
. Ibid., 601.

12
. Robert B. Marks,
Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China
(Port Chester, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 86; and Elvin,
Pattern of the Chinese Past
, 221.

13
. Edward Barbier,
Scarcity and Frontiers: How Economies Have Developed Through Natural Resource Exploitation
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 271–272.

14
. Myers and Wang, “Economic Developments, ” 607.

15
. Marks,
Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt
, 183, 254–255.

16
. Ibid., 91–96.

17
. Myers and Wang, “Economic Developments, ” 639.

18
. Elvin,
Pattern of the Chinese Past
, 218.

19
. Phillip V. Allingham, “England and China: The Opium Wars, 1839–60, ”
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html
.

20
. David C. Wright,
The History of China: Second Edition
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2011), 100–101.

21
. Paul S. Ropp,
China in World History
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 107; and Phillip A. Kuhn, “The Taiping Rebellion, ” in
Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 1
, vol. 10, ed. John K. Fairbank (Cambridge Histories online, 1978), 301–307.

22
. Ibid., 117.

23
. Teng, Taiwan's Imagined Geography, 207.

24
. Ropp,
China in World History
, 116–117.

25
. Ibid., 120–122.

26
. Morris L. Bian,
The Making of the State Enterprise System in Modern China: The Dynamics of Institutional Change
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 52.

27
. William C. Kirby, “Continuity and Change in Modern China: Economic Planning on the Mainland and on Taiwan, 1943–1958, ”
Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
, no. 24 (July 1990): 127.

28
. Ibid., 128.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Ibid., 131–132.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Kim Woodard,
The International Energy Relations of China
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980), 52–53.

33
. Ibid., 33.

34
. Wright,
History of China
, 148, 150.

35
. “Zhou Enlai Announces Eight Principles of Foreign Aid, ”
China Daily
, August 13, 2010,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-08/13/content_11149131.htm
.

36
. Kossi Ayenagbo et al., “Sino-Africa Economic and Trade Relations: Its Impact and Implications on the African Continent, ”
African Journal of Business Management
6, no. 21 (May 30, 2012): 6421.

37
. Weizao Teng, “Socialist Modernization and the Pattern of Foreign Trade, ” in
China's Search for Economic Growth: The Chinese Economy Since 1949
, ed. Dixin Xu et al. (Beijing, China: New World Press, 1982), 167–192.

38
.
China Statistical Yearbook 1990 [Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian 1990]
(Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1990).

1
. Lester Brown, “Who Will Feed China?”
World Watch
7, no. 5 (September 1994).

2
. For example, “China Lifts Price Controls on Grain, Meat and Eggs in Some Areas, ”
New York Times News Service,
November 29, 1992.

3
. Elizabeth Economy,
The River Runs Black
, 2nd ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 81.

4
. U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA), “China: Total Coal Consumption (Thousand Short Tons), ” International Energy Statistics,
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=1&aid=2&cid=CH,&syid=1980&eyid=2010&unit=TST
; and U.S. EIA, “China: Total Petroleum Consumption (Thousand Barrels per Day), ” International Energy Statistics,
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=5&aid=2&cid=CH,&syid=1980&eyid=2010&unit=TBPD
.

5
. U.S. EIA, “International Energy Statistics: China, Dry Natural Gas Consumption (Billion Cubic Feet), ”
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=26&aid=2&cid=CH,&syid=1998&eyid=2011&unit=BCF
.