Caligula: A Biography (26 page)

Consuls removed from office:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.20.2–3.
New consuls:
Cn. Domitius Afer:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, D 126; A. Didius Gallus:
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, D 70.
The African legion:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.20.7; cf. Tacitus,
Histories
, 4.48.
Departure for Germania:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 43.
Suetonius’s misunderstanding:
cf. Willrich, “Caligula,” 307, note 1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.21.
Documentation on the presence of Lepidus and Caligula’s sisters in the retinue:
Seneca,
Moral Epistles
(
Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales
), 1.4.7; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.8.
Lack of suspicion against sisters documented by later auction in Gaul of their servants, household goods, and jewelry:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 39.1.
Explicit references to the great conspiracy in mid-39:
Suetonius,
Claudius
, 9.1, and
Vespasian
, 2.3, cf.
Gaius Caligula
, 24.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1; cf. also Balsdon,
Emperor Gaius
, 66–95; Meise,
Julisch-claudische Dynastie
, 91–122.
Suetonius on the reasons for the
expedition:
Gaius Caligula
, 43; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 59.21.1–2, 59.22.1.
The conspiracy is foiled:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 24.3; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.5–9, 59.23.1.
Acta Fratrum Arvalium:
Smallwood,
Documents
, no. 9, p. 14, ll. 18–21.
Conspirators on trial in Rome:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.23.8.
Vespasian as a praetor:
Suetonius,
Vespasian
, 2.3.
First delegation from the Senate:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.23.2 and 5 (Dio locates the event in Gaul); Suetonius,
Claudius
, 9.1.
Incursions by Germanic tribes:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 41, cf.
Galba
, 6.3.
Military actions on the upper Rhine:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 44.1.
On Galba:
Suetonius,
Galba
, 6.2–3, and
Vespasian
, 2.3.
Acclamations as
imperator:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.2.
Military farce:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 45.1.
Tacitus on the military actions:
Germania
, 37.5;
Histories
, 4.15.3;
Agricola
, 13.4.
Cassius Dio on wealthy Gauls:
Roman History
, 59.22.3.
Auctions in Gaul:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 39; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.21.5–6.
Wealthy Gaul at the emperor’s table:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 39.2.
Theatrical performances in Gaul:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.22.1.
Oratorical competition:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 20.
Town of Vienna:
Cf.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
212, col. 2, ll. 15–17.
Events in Rome at the beginning of the year 40:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.24; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 17.1.
Prince Adminius:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 44.2.
Events at the English Channel:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 46; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.1–3 (Xiphilinus).
Interpretation of the events:
Balsdon,
Emperor Gaius
, 88–95; more recently Barrett,
Caligula
, 125–39. M
utiny in the year 43:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.19.1–3.
Legions punished:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 48.
On the situation in Britain:
Barrett,
Caligula
, 127–29.
Tacitus on the military campaigns:
Germania
, 37.5;
Histories
, 4.15.3;
Agricola
, 13.2.
Triumph and honors prohibited:
Cf. Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 48.2, 49.2.

Powerful freedmen under Augustus:
Juvenal 1.109, 14.305–8; Suetonius,
Augustus
, 67.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 54.21.3–8.
Under Tiberius:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.167; Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.38.2.
Caligula’s aristocratic retinue in public:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.102.
Nymphidia:
Plutarch,
Galba
, 9.
Callistus and Domitius Afer:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.19.6, 59.20.1.
Callistus’s position:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.64–65; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.7–8 (Zonaras).
Helicon:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 166–83, 203, 205.
Role of Caesonia and the Praetorian prefects:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 25.3 f.; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.7 (Zonaras and the
Excerpta Vaticana
); Persius 6.43–47.
Imperial procurators, officers of the Praetorian Guard:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 47; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.28–29; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 40.

Presence near Rome in May 40:
Acta Fratrum Arvalium:
Smallwood,
Documents
, no. 10, p. 14, l. 15.
Delegation from the Senate:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 181.
Journey to Campania:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 185.
Bridge of ships from Puteoli:
Seneca,
On the Shortness of Life
(
De Brevitate Vitae
), 18.5; Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.5–6.; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 19.32.1 (and, on Alexander’s breastplate, 52); Dio,
Roman History
, 59.17. (Dating according to the indications given by Seneca and Josephus; Cassius Dio places the event in the year 39 without providing a context.)

Entrance into Rome:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 49.2.
Instances of torture under Tiberius:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 58; Dio,
Roman History
, 57.19.2.
Plans to eliminate the entire Senate:
Seneca,
On Anger
(
De Ira
), 3.19.2; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 49.2; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.5.
Regular executions:
Seneca,
On Anger
(
De Ira
), 3.19.1; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 32.1; cf. 27.3.
Julius Canus:
Seneca,
On Tranquility of Mind
(
De Tranquillitate Animi
), 14.4–10; Boethius,
Consolation of Philosophy
(
Consolatio Philosophiae
), 1.4.90–94; cf. Plutarch, frg. 211.
Ten-day interval between sentencing and execution in trials for
maiestas:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 3.51.2.
Julius Graecinus
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, I 344): Seneca,
On Favors
(
De Beneficiis
), 2.21.5; cf. Seneca,
Moral Epistles
(
Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales
), 29.6; Tacitus,
Agricola
, 4.1.
Agricola’s birth
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, I 126): Tacitus,
Agricola
, 44.1.
Pomponius and Quintilia:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.32–36 (Pompedius); Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 16.4 (without mention of the name); Dio,
Roman History
, 59.26.4 (Pomponius).
Sextus Papinius
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, P 101),
Betilienus Bassus
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, B 114): Seneca,
On Anger
(
De Ira
), 3.18.3–19.5; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.25.5b–7.
C. Anicius Cerialis
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, A 594): Tacitus,
Annals
, 15.74.3, 16.17.5.
Protogenes in the Senate:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 28; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.26.1–2.
The emperor’s guard in the Senate:
Suetonius,
Augustus
, 35.1 (Augustus); Dio,
Roman History
, 58.17.3–4. (Tiberius).
Testimony by slaves against their masters:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.12–14;
under Tiberius:
Dio,
Roman History
, 57.19.2;
under Claudius:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.15.5.
Claudius on trial:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.12–14; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 9.1.
Aristocratic hostages on the Palatine Hill:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 41.1; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.28.9.
Living in Augustus’s palace:
Dio,
Roman History
, 53.27.5;
in Galba’s palace:
Suetonius,
Galba
, 14.2.
Aristocrats’ criticism of Seneca:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 13.42; Dio,
Roman History
, 61.10.1–3.

Reserved seating at the theater abolished:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.86; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 26.4.
Claudius in the Senate:
Suetonius,
Claudius
, 9.2.
Dishonoring the noble families:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 34.1, 35.1.
Pompeius Magnus
(
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
²
, P 630):
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
9339; Syme,
Roman Revolution
, 468.
Pompeius’s end:
Seneca,
Apocolocyntosis
, 11.2; Suetonius,
Claudius
, 29.1–2; Dio,
Roman History
, 61(60).29.6a.
Flattery continues:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 116.
Senators at banquets:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 26.2.
Submissiveness of aristocrats under Augustus and Tiberius:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 1.2.1, 1.7.1, 1.74.2.
Kissing Caligula’s foot:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.27.1; Seneca,
On Favors
(
De Beneficiis
), 2.12.1–2 (Pompeius Poenus).
Kissing actors:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 55.1.
Gratitude for a kiss from the emperor mentioned in the Senate:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.27.1.
Caligula’s rhetorical abilities:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.208; Tacitus,
Annals
, 13.3.2; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 53.1.

L. Vitellius:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.27.5.
Dating of his recall from Syria:
Malalas 10.244 (with confusion about the name); cf. Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.261, and Dio,
Roman History
, as
above.
Senate decree to build a temple to Caligula:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.28.2;
priesthood for his cult:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.28.5.
Divine honors for Caesar:
Dio,
Roman History
, 44.6.4.
The
sacrae occupationes
of Tiberius:
Suetonius,
Tiberius
, 27.
Offerings to images of Tiberius and Sejanus:
Dio,
Roman History
, 58.4.4.
A senator prostrates himself:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 1.13.6.
Octavian’s “banquet of the twelve gods”:
Suetonius,
Augustus
, 70.
Antonius:
Plutarch,
Antonius
, 4.1–2, 24.3, 26.3, 60.2–3.
Augustus’s refusal of divine honors:
Suetonius,
Augustus
, 52; cf. Dio,
Roman History
, 51.20.6–7.
Tiberius’s rejection of honors and criticism by the Senate:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.37–38.
Cult for Tiberius, Livia, and the Senate:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.15.3; cf. 4.37–38.
Divinity of the Senate:
Talbert,
Senate
, 96–97.
Caligula’s appearances costumed as a god:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 78–80, 93–97; Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 52; Dio,
Roman History
, 59.26.10; cf. 59.26.5–7.
On “religious policy”:
Willrich, “Caligula,” 107–16.
Suetonius on the emperor’s clothing:
Gaius Caligula
, 52.
Epigraphic and numismatic evidence:
Barrett,
Caligula
, 148–49.
“Conversation” with the moon goddess:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.27.6.
Apelles:
Suetonius,
Gaius Caligula
, 33.
Fee charged to enter the college of the emperor’s priests:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.28.5.
Claudius’s prohibition of veneration as a god:
Dio,
Roman History
, 60.5.4.
Scribonius Largus:
Compositiones
(
praefatio
), 60, 163.
Temple for Nero:
Tacitus,
Annals
, 15.74.3.
Seneca on Claudius’s “divine hand”:
Seneca,
On Consolation
(
Ad Polybium de Consolatione
), 13.2; cf. Tacitus,
Annals
, 13.42; Dio,
Roman History
, 60.8.5.
Pliny the Elder:
Pliny,
Natural History, praef
. 11.
Philo on Caligula’s deification:
The Embassy to Gaius
, 76 (the emperor’s
paraplēxia
). Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.256, 19.4 and 11.
Cult of the emperor in Judaea:
cf. Barrett,
Caligula
, 182–91.
Intervention by Agrippa:
Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities
, 18.289–301;
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 276–329.
Jewish delegation’s first audience:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 180–83;
second audience:
Philo,
The Embassy to Gaius
, 349–72.
Josephus’s descriptions of Caligula before his murder:
Jewish Antiquities
, 19.87–104.
Suetonius on the deification of Caligula:
Gaius Caligula
, 22.2–4; cf. 33, 52.
Threat to Jupiter:
Seneca,
On Anger
(
De Ira
), 1.20.8–9.
The shoemaker who laughed:
Dio,
Roman History
, 59.26.8–9.