Exceptional (33 page)

columns of fleeing refugees:
Ibid., p. 7.

defeated on October 6:
Thomas E. Greiss, ed.,
The Second World War in Europe and the Mediterranean,
Department of History, U.S. Military Academy, West Point (Wayne, NJ: Avery, 1989), p. 20.

was significantly larger:
Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
(New York: Doubleday, 1948) p. 2.

smaller than Romania's:
Rick Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 8.

174,000 enlisted men:
George C. Marshall,
Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War,
July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1941, p. 2,
http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/COS-Biennial/COS-Biennial-1.html
.

no armored divisions:
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe,
p. 2.

1,175 planes:
Ibid.

wooden machine guns:
Ibid., p. 7.

“for immediate action”:
Remarks by George C. Marshall, “National Organization for War,” American Historical Association Meeting, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C., December 28, 1939,
http://marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/speech-to-the-american-historical-association/
.

“for quick delivery”:
L. C. Speers, “Our New Army Chief,”
New York Times,
May 14, 1939.

one-off fashion:
Cray,
General of the Army,
loc. 3194.

“if we don't get it”:
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942
(New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 29.

the president's schedule:
Transcript of phone call to Edwin “Pa” Watson from Henry Morgenthau Jr., May 11, 1940, Diaries of Henry Morgenthau Jr., April 27, 1933–July 27, 1945, vol. 261, May 10–11, 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum,
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/morg/md0349.pdf
.

“You've filed your protest”:
John Morton Blum,
Years of Urgency, 1938–1941 (From the Morgenthau Diaries)
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 140.

“hearing him at all”:
Forrest C. Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences
(Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1986), Tape 11, Recorded November 15, 1956, p. 329.

“he didn't grasp”:
Ibid.

“Of course”:
Ibid., p. 330.

“than of flying”:
Ibid.

dedicate only 15,000 men:
Cray,
General of the Army,
p. 155.

everything was needed:
Ibid.

“to this country”:
Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences,
p. 330.

appropriation he needed:
Cray,
General of the Army,
p. 155.

for the Army:
Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress on Appropriations for National Defense,” May 16, 1940, American Presidency Project,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15954
.

“not won by evacuations”:
Winston Churchill, Speech to Parliament, June 4, 1940,
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches
.

“liberation of the old”:
Ibid.

deemed already beaten:
Winston Churchill,
Their Finest Hour: The Second World War,
vol. 2 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), p. 123.

“incandescent with courage”:
Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982,
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm
.

Churchill later said:
Jean Edward Smith,
FDR
(New York: Random House, 2007), p. 485.

“not be forthcoming”:
Churchill,
Their Finest Hour,
p. 495.

“meet this need”:
Ibid., p. 498.

“artillery, and tanks”:
Ibid., p. 500.

“other supplies”:
Ibid.

“fire is over”:
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Press Conference, December 17, 1940,
http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu.od11pc2.html
.

“of any nation”:
Churchill,
Their Finest Hour,
p. 503.

“never experienced before”:
Charles A. Lindbergh, “We Are Not Prepared for War: Our Dangers Are Here at Home,” Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, February 6, 1941,
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-02-06a.html
.

“by either side”:
Ibid.

the opening article: Life,
June 3, 1940.

“Threatens the World”:
Ibid.

“have conquered”:
Ibid.

“to fight alone”:
Edna St. Vincent Millay, “There Are No Islands, Any More: Lines Written in Passion and in Deep Concern for England, France, and My Own Country,”
New York Times,
June 14, 1940,
http://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/14/books/millay-islands.html
.

sail for America:
Max Hastings,
Winston's War: Churchill, 1940–1945
(New York: Knopf, 2010), p. 184.

party of eighty:
Ibid.

flew to Washington:
Ibid., p. 186.

“My heart filled”:
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 301.

twelve times:
Hastings,
Churchill's War,
p. 186.

single commander:
Andrew Roberts,
Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945
(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 67.

“of the twentieth century”:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 299.

outside the Capitol:
“U.S. at War: The Presidency—Great Decisions,”
Time,
January 5, 1942, p. 12.

“in every land”:
Winston S. Churchill, Address to the U.S. Congress, December 26, 1941,
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Churchill_Addresses_Congress.htm
.

“trusting in the Lord”:
Ibid.

“cast away the scabbard”:
Ibid.

“of all time”: Time,
January 5, 1942.

“forces of the U.S.”:
Ibid.

“general line of action”:
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe,
p. 22.

“of money required”:
Ibid., p. 495.

“to save them”:
Ibid.

“as soon as possible”:
Stephen E. Ambrose,
The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
(New York: Doubleday, 1970), p. 16.

“to fight on”:
Rick Atkinson,
An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943
(New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 537.

experience of command:
Ibid., p. 533.

Enterprise, Hornet,
and
Yorktown: Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900,
p. 317.

three of Japan's four carriers:
Martin Gilbert,
The Second World War: A Complete History
(New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2004), loc. 7340.

sunk the next day:
Ibid.

in twenty-four hours:
Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe,
p. 249.

“justified great risk”:
Ibid.

“poised and ready”: Time,
June 19, 1944, p. 26.

had been unfortified:
Stephen E. Ambrose,
D-Day: June 6, 1944, The Battle for the Normandy Beaches
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 39.

weighed 300 pounds: Time,
June 19, 1944, pp. 26–27.

“her armed forces”:
Combined Chiefs of Staff Directive to General Eisenhower, February 12, 1944, reprinted in “Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force, 6 June 1944–8 May, 1945,” Center for Military History, United States Army, 1994,
http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-58/CMH_Pub_70-58.pdf
.

“going to prevail”:
Stephen Ambrose, interview, C-SPAN,
Book TV,
May 25, 1994,
http://www.c-span.org/video/?57267-1/book-discussion-dday-june-6-1944
.

“in your life”:
John Reville, oral history, Eisenhower Center, University of New Orleans, quoted in Ambrose,
D-Day,
p. 581.

“every church people prayed”: Time,
June 12, 1944, p. 21.

“went to pray”:
Ibid.

“in their faith”:
Franklin Roosevelt, Prayer on D-Day, June 6, 1944,
http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odddayp.html
.

“invasion has begun”:
Anne Frank,
The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition
(New York: Doubleday, 1995), pp. 306–7.

“there is life”:
Ibid.

on April 12:
Ibid., p. 334.

wounded and dying soldiers: Time,
December 4, 1944, p. 27.

“awesome to behold”:
Ibid.

through her tent:
Ibid.

School of Nursing:
Bob Welch
: The Story of Frances Slanger, Forgotten Heroine of Normandy
(New York: Atria, 2004), loc. 1302.

“became America”:
Ibid., loc. 324.

“not to doubt”:
Ronald Reagan, Remarks at a Ceremony Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Normandy Invasion, D-Day, June 6, 1984,
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/60684a.htm
.

are buried:
American Battle Monuments Commission, Normandy AmericanCemetery,
http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-american-cemetery#.VYdGYevZr9E
.

“our fellow countrymen”:
Ibid.

Warm Springs, Georgia:
Senate Historical Office, “Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President, 1945,”
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Harry_Truman.htm
.

“Board of Education”:
Ibid.

of the United States:
Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs: 1945: Year of Decisions
(New York: Doubleday, 1955), p. 8.

congressional leadership:
Franklin Roosevelt, Day by Day, A Project of the Pare Lorenz Center at the FDR Presidential Library, Diary Logs for January 20, 1945, March 8, 1945, and March 19, 1945,
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/search/?str=Truman&start_date=1945-01-01&end_date=1945-04-20&type=daylog&search_submit=&submitted=t
.

Senate Office Building:
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), loc. 6491.

“as a senator”:
Truman,
1945: Year of Decisions,
loc. 3940.

“to defy description”:
Ibid., p. 7.

“accepted in our land”:
Ibid.

Europe despaired:
McCullough,
Truman,
p. 350.

by the Americans:
Ibid.

“merely to propaganda”:
Letter from General Eisenhower to General Marshall, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-features/special-focus/buchenwald-concentration-camp
.

“Wed. 25. HST”:
Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, April 24, 1945, Confidential File, Truman Papers,
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1945-04-24&documentid=9-14&pagenumber=1
.

“a whole city”:
Henry L. Stimson, “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,”
Harper's,
February 1947, p. 97.

in the future:
Ibid.

nature of the weapon:
Ibid., p. 100.

“situation was hopeless”:
McCullough,
Truman,
p. 438.

had ever surrendered:
Ibid.

12,000 American service members killed:
SSgt Rudy R. Frame, “Okinawa: The Final Great Battle of World War II,”
Marine Corps Gazette,
November 2012,
https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/2012/11/okinawa-final-great-battle-world-war-ii
.

more than 100,000:
Ibid.

on Kyushu alone:
Roberts,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900,
p. 374.

“on his home grounds”:
Truman,
1945: Year of Decisions,
p. 417.