Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (41 page)

32.
Michael Hembree, “The Question of ‘Begging’: Fugitive Slave Relief in Canada, 1830–1865,”
Civil War History
, 37 (December 1991), 314; Samuel J. May to ?, August 3, 1852, AMA;
NAS
, December 28, 1848; Benjamin Drew,
A North-Side View of Slavery: The Refugee, or, The Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada
(Boston, 1856), v–vi; Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan
, 246–47; Daniel G. Hill,
The Freedom-Seekers: Blacks in Early Canada
(Agincourt, Canada, 1981), 42–43; Winks,
Blacks in Canada
, 142–44, 248; Alexander L. Murray, “The Extradition of Fugitive Slaves from Canada: A Re-evaluation,”
Canadian Historical Review
, 43 (December 1962), 298–314; John R. McKivigan and Jason H. Silverman, “Monarchial Liberty and Republican Slavery: West Indies Emancipation Celebrations in Upstate New York and Canada West,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 10 (January 1986), 7–18.

33.
NYTrib
, January 14, 31, 1851; Jermain Loguen to George Whipple, March 21, 1851, AMA.

34.
Liberator
, June 25, 1852;
FDP
, May 27, 1852;
NYTrib
, May 25, 1852; Tom Calarco,
People of the Underground Railroad
(Westport, Conn., 2008), 88–89.

35.
Thirteenth Annual Report of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
(New York, 1853), 197–207;
BE
, May 21, 27, June 7, 9, 1853;
FDP
, June 24, 1853; Lewis Tappan Journal, May 9, 10, 25, 28, 30, June 7, 13, 20, 1853, TP.

36.
Benjamin Quarles,
Black Abolitionists
(New York, 1969), 154; Thomas J. Davis, “
Napoleon v. Lemmon
: Antebellum Black New Yorkers, Antislavery, and Law,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 33 (January 2009), 27–96;
NYT
, November 8, 9, 15, 18, 1852;
Hartford Courant
, May 8, 1874;
NYH
, November 7, 1852;
NYTrib
, November 8, 1852.

37.
NYT
, November 15, 19, 1852;
NYTrib
, November 15, 1852; David E. Swift,
Black Prophets of Justice: Activist Clergy before the Civil War
(Baton Rouge, 1989), 263; Lewis Tappan to John Jay II, December 11, 1852, JFP;
Chicago Inter-Ocean
, December 30, 1900.

38.
FDP
, December 31, 1852;
NYTrib
, November 17, 23, 1852;
NYT
, November 22, 23, 1852; Erastus D. Culver to Lewis Tappan, November 23, 1852, JFP.

39.
Savannah Morning News
, November 30, 1852;
NYTrib
, July 24, 1855, October 5, 1857;
NYT
, March 19, December 24, 1853, June 14, 1854, October 21, 1857.

40.
NYT
, March 7, December 8, 1857, April 16, 1860; N.Y. Court of Appeals,
Report of the Lemmon Slave Case
(New York, 1860);
Jackson Daily Mississippian
, February 9, 1860; Marie Tyler-McGraw and Dwight T. Pitcaithley, “The Lemmon Slave Case: Courtroom Drama, Constitutional Crisis, and the Southern Quest to Nationalize Slavery,”
Common-Place
, 14 (Fall 2013) www.common-place.org; Roy P. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(8 vols.; New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 3: 423, 548–49.

41.
Record of Fugitives, October 2, 1855, GP.

42.
Nat Brandt,
In the Shadow of the Civil War: Passmore Williamson and the Rescue of Jane Johnson
(Columbia, S.C., 2007); William Still,
The Underground Railroad
(rev. ed.: Philadelphia, 1878), 77–88; John Hill Wheeler Diary, August 3, 1855, John Hill Wheeler Papers, Library of Congress; Record of Fugitives, July 31, September 6, 7, 1855;
NYT
, August 1, 1855;
NYTrib
, August 31, 1855;
NAS
, September 8, 1855.

43.
Account Book, November 1855, March 10, 1861, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Jill Lepore, “How Longfellow Woke the Dead,”
American Scholar
, 80 (Spring 2011), 33–46; William S. Powell, ed.,
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
(6 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1979–96), 6: 167–68; Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Hollis Robbins, eds.,
In Search of Hannah Crafts
(New York, 2004). Crafts’s novel was not published until a century and a half had passed: Henry Louis Gates Jr., ed.,
The Bondwoman’s Narrative
(New York, 2002).

44.
Kellie Carter Jackson, “Force and Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence, 1850–1860,” (Ph.D., diss., Columbia University, 2010), 66–78; Gordon S. Barker,
Fugitive Slaves and the Unfinished American Revolution: Eight Cases, 1848–1856
(Jefferson, N.C., 2013), 10–13; Grover,
Fugitive’s Gibraltar
, 247;
NAS
, October 10, 1850;
BE
, October 2, 1850.

45.
Campbell,
Slave Catchers
, 115; Lois E. Horton, “Kidnapping and Resistance: Antislavery Direct Action in the 1850s,” in David W. Blight, ed.,
Passages to Freedom: The Underground Railroad in History and Memory
(Washington, D.C., 2004), 166; Steven Lubet,
Fugitive Justice
(Cambridge, Mass., 2010), 51–129; Thomas P. Slaughter,
Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North
(New York, 1991).

46.
Paula J. Priebe, “Central and Western New York and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,”
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
, 16 (January 1992), 19–29;
The Rev. J. W. Loguen, As a Slave and as a Freeman: A Narrative of Real Life
(Syracuse, 1859), 398–442; Donald Yacovone,
Samuel Joseph May and the Dilemmas of the Liberal Persuasion, 1797–1871
(Philadelphia, 1991), 140–50; Jayne Sokolow, “The Jerry McHenry Rescue and the Growth of Northern Antislavery Sentiment during the 1850s,”
Journal of American Studies
, 16 (December 1982), 440–41; Dorothy Sterling,
Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery
(New York, 1991), 281; Samuel J. May to Wendell Phillips, September 1, 1852, PP.

47.
Francis G. Shaw to Sydney Howard Gay, November 1, 1850, GP; Austin Bearse,
Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston
(Boston, 1880), 3–6, 15, 34–37; Sidney Kaplan, “The
Moby Dick
in the Service of the Underground Railroad,”
Phylon
, 12 (2nd quarter, 1951), 173–76; Finkenbine, “Boston’s Black Churches,” 181; Gary L. Collison, “The Boston Vigilance Committee,”
Historical Journal of Western Massachusetts
, 12 (October 1984), 111; Robert L. Hall, “Massachusetts Abolitionists Document the Slave Experience,” in Jacobs, ed.,
Courage and Conscience
, 92–93; “Fugitive Slaves Aided by the Vigilance Committee since the Passage of the Fugitive Slave Bill 1850,” manuscript, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society Records, NYHS.

48.
Barker,
Fugitive Slaves
, 22–32; Lubet,
Fugitive Justice
, 134–45; Gary L. Collison,
Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997).

49.
Lubet,
Fugitive Justice
, 145–55; Barker,
Fugitive Slaves
, 54–71; Bearse,
Reminiscences
, 27; Campbell,
Slave Catchers
, 120.

50.
Lubet,
Fugitive Justice
, 160–228; Earl M. Maltz,
Fugitive Slave on Trial: The Anthony Burns Case and Abolitionist Outrage
(Lawrence, Kans., 2010), 40–51, 55–64, 95, 101; David F. Ericson,
Slavery in the American Republic: Developing the Federal Government, 1791–1861
(Lawrence, Kans., 2011), 125; Campbell,
Slave Catchers
, 130–32; Sydney Howard Gay to Elizabeth Gay, June 2, 1854, GP.

51.
Liberator
, June 9, 1854; Gordon S. Barker,
The Imperfect Revolution: Anthony Burns and the Landscape of Race in Antebellum America
(Kent, Ohio, 2010), 30–33; Campbell,
Slave Catchers
, 130–32; Maltz,
Fugitive Slave on Trial
, 1–3; Fehrenbacher,
Slaveholding Republic
, 228.

52.
George Rogers Taylor,
The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
(New York, 1951), 79. The New York State Vigilance Committee claimed to have assisted 648 fugitives between 1851 and 1853 and between 300 and 400 in 1854. As will be related in chapter 7, Sydney Howard Gay’s office aided over 200 fugitives in 1855 and 1856. No figures exist for the remainder of the 1850s or for Gay’s operation before 1855.
Letter from Mrs. H. B. Stowe to the Ladies’ New Anti-Slavery Society of Glasgow . . .
(Glasgow, 1853);
FDP
, March 23, 1855.

6. The Metropolitan Corridor

1.
NYTrib
, July 14, 1858.

2.
Larry Gara, “William Still and the Underground Railroad,”
Pennsylvania History
, 28 (January 1961), 33–36; Margaret Hope Bacon,
But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis
(Albany, 2007), 114; Nat Brandt,
In the Shadow of the Civil War: Passmore Williamson and the Rescue of Jane Johnson
(Columbia, S.C., 2007), 3–12; William Still,
The Underground Railroad
(rev. ed.: Philadelphia, 1878);
Pennsylvania Freeman
, December 8, 1853; Journal C of Station No. 2, HSPa.

3.
Elevator
(San Francisco), September 15, 1865; Robert G. Albion,
The Rise of New York Port, 1815–1860
(New York, 1939), 122–40; Alex Roland, W. Jeffrey Bolster, and Alexender Keyssar,
The Way of the Ship: America’s Maritime History Reenvisioned, 1600–2000
(New York, 2008), 171–72; David Cecelski,
The Waterman’s Song: Slavery and Freedom in Maritime North Carolina
(Chapel Hill, 2001), 121–46.

4.
Larry Gara,
The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad
(Lexington, Ky., 1961), 51–52; Tommy L. Bogger,
Free Blacks in Norfolk, Virginia, 1790–1860
(Charlottesville, 1997), 165–67; Record of Fugitives, May 16, July 8, 1856, GP; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 560;
PF
, April 21, 1855;
Richmond Whig
, November 27, 1855;
Charleston Mercury
, September 9, 1857;
Norfolk Herald
in
PF
, December 22, 1855.

5.
NYH
, July 26, 1856;
NAS
, June 12, 1858;
Liberator
, June 25, 1858;
Richmond Whig
, March 21, 1856.

6.
Gary Collison,
Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 49–50; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 159–62, 333; Tom Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
(Santa Barbara, 2011), 374; Note on Major Latham, November 10, 1856, GP.

7.
Hilary Russell, “Underground Railroad Activists in Washington, D.C.,”
Washington History
, 13 (Fall/Winter 2001–2), 35; Stanley Harrold,
Subversives: Antislavery
Community in Washington, D.C., 1828–1865
(Baton Rouge, 2003), 96, 149–53, 213; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 173–74, 182–85.

8.
The Wilmington Directory for the Year 1853
(Wilmington, Del., 1853), 26; James A. McGowan,
Station Master on the Underground Railroad: The Life and Letters of Thomas Garrett
(rev. ed.: Jefferson, N.C., 2005), 41–43, 115, 158; Thomas Garrett to Joseph A. Dugdale, November 29, 1856, Joseph A. and Ruth Dugdale Correspondence, FHL; Sarah Pugh to ?, June 6, n.y., AC.

9.
Thomas Garrett to Eliza Wighman, October 27, 1856, Cope Family Papers, Quaker and Special Collections, Haverford College; Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
, 370–73;
Wilmington Chicken
in
BS
, October 22, 1849; Walter H. Williams,
Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639–1865
(Wilmington, Del., 1996), 165–67; William J. Switala,
Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2004), 52–58; John Hunn to Wilbur H. Siebert, August 16, 1893, SC.

10.
Williams,
Slavery and Freedom
, 249–50; Priscilla Thompson, “Harriet Tubman, Thomas Garrett, and the Underground Railroad,”
Delaware History
, 22 (Spring-Summer 1986), 7–9; McGowan,
Station Master
, 33, 53–65;
Easton Gazette
, September 5, 1857.

11.
McGowan,
Station Master
, 166; Still,
Underground Railroad
, 560; Record of Fugitives, April 4, June 16, 24, July 8, 1856.

12.
Record of Fugitives, September 7, October 13, December 19, 1855, January 18, 31, July 9, 1856; Note on Henry Johnson, November 24, 1856, GP.

13.
Record of Fugitives, September 1, 1855, April 4, June 5, 16, 24, 1856; Note on Andrew Jackson, December 29, 1856, GP; Journal C, June 3, 1856.

14.
NAS
, September 16, 1854; William Kashatus,
Just over the Line: Chester County and the Underground Railroad
(West Chester, Pa., 2002), 19–60; McGowan,
Station Master
, 41–43; Frances C. Taylor,
The Trackless Trail
(Kennett Square, Pa., 1976), 3–21; Calarco,
Places of the Underground Railroad
, 144–49, 312; “Branches of the Underground Railroad from Wilmington, Delaware to Philadelphia,” typescript, SC; Christopher Densmore, “Aim for a Free State and Settle among Quakers,” in Brycchan Carey and Geoffrey Plank eds.,
Quakers and Abolition
(Urbana, Ill., 2014), 123–24;
Pennsylvania Freeman
, January 2, 1851; Oliver Johnson to ?, April 2, 1857, JL.