Authors: Rodney Stark,David Drummond
God's Battalions (33 page)
19. Duncalf 1921, 444–45.
20. Document in Krey 1921, 51.
21. Tyerman 2006, 98.
22. Tyerman 2006.
23. Duncalf 1969b, 260.
24. Baron 1957; Chazan 2006; Chazan 1996; Chazan 1986; Chazan 1980; Graetz 1894; Grosser and Halpern 1983; Poliakov 1965; Runciman 1951, vol. 1; Stark 2001.
25. Poliakov 1965, 45.
26. Madden 1999, 20.
27. Runciman 1951, 1:141.
28. Runciman 1951, 1:142.
29. Comnena [c. 1148] 1969, 313–14.
30. Runciman 1951, 1:144.
31. Runciman 1951, 1:149.
32. Runciman 1951, 1:152.
33. Comnena [c. 1148] 1969, 422.
34. France 1994, 116.
35. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 6, 10.
36. France 1994, 118.
37. France 1994, 135.
38. Jamison [1939] 1969, 208.
CHAPTER SEVEN: BLOODY VICTORIES
1. Runciman 1969c, 289.
2. Runciman 1951, 1:179.
3. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 15.
4. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 17.
5. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 17.
6. France 1994, 122.
7. France 1994, 170–75.
8. Fulcher of Chartres [c. 1127] 1969, 84.
9. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 20.
10. Runciman 1951, 1:186.
11. Runciman 1951, 1:187.
12. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 23.
13. Runciman 1951, 1:192.
14. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 27.
15. Chandler 1987.
16. Runciman 1951, 1:216.
17. Runciman 1951, 1:214–15.
18. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 35.
19. France 1994, 301.
20. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 37.
21. France 1994, 286.
22. France 1994, 279.
23. Anonymous [c. 1102] 1962, 69.
24. Runciman 1951, 1:256.
25. Riley-Smith 1986, 67.
26. Riley-Smith 1986, 66.
27. France 1994, 287; Riley-Smith 1986, 66.
28. Runciman, 329.
29. Runciman 1951, 1:279.
30. Runciman 1951, 1:339–40.
31. France 1994, 327.
32. Runciman 1951, 1:284.
33. France 1994, 351.
34. Guibert of Nogent [c. 1106] 1997, 131.
35. Guibert of Nogent [c. 1106] 1997, 132.
36. Document in Peters 1998, 256–61.
37. France 1994, 355.
38. Stark 2001.
39. France 1994, 343.
40. Gil 1992, 828.
41. Document reprinted in Peters 1998, 264–68.
42. Tyerman 2006, 160.
43. Runciman 1951, 1:297.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE CRUSADER KINGDOMS
1. William of Tyre [c. 1180] 1943, bk. 9, chap. 9.
2. Russell 1972, 201–5.
3. Riley-Smith 1983, 733.
4. Fink 1969, 370.
5. Fulcher of Chartres [c. 1127] 1969, 150.
6. Riley-Smith 1983, 732.
7. Riley-Smith 1983, 734.
8. Boas 1998, 152.
9. Prawer 1972, 73.
10. Chandler 1987, 471.
11. Fink 1969, 385.
12. Munro 1936.
13. Munro 1936, 86.
14. Runciman 1951, 2:291–92.
15. Boas 1998, 142.
16. Fulcher of Chartres [c. 1127] 1969, 271.
17. Boas 1998, 139.
18. Kedar [1990] 2002, 244–45.
19. Kedar 1984.
20. Kedar [1990] 2002, 254.
21. Quoted in Munro 1936, 106–7.
22. See Horvath 1972.
23. Prawer 1972.
24. Quoted in Burman 1986, 15–16.
25. Quoted in Burman 1986, 16.
26. Burman 1986, 14.
27. Burman 1986, 19.
28. Burman 1986, 23.
29. Bernard was canonized in 1174, only twenty-one years after his death. His reputation has been so enduring that in 1953, the eight hundredth anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII devoted an encyclical to recommending his virtues to all.
30. Southern 1970.
31. Daniel-Rops 1957.
32. Barber 1994, 17.
33. Barber 1994, 16.
34. Marshall 1994, 57.
35. Prawer 1972, 261.
36. Marshall 1994, 45.
37. Marshall 1994, 57.
38. Prawer 1972, 261.
39. Burman 1986, 33.
40. Bernard of Clairvaux,
De Laude Novae Militiae,
vol. 1.
41.
Catholic Encyclopedia,
S.V.
“The Knights Templars.”
42. Barber 1994, 22.
43.
Catholic Encyclopedia,
s.v. “The Knights Templars.”
44. Stark 2005.
45. Baldwin 1937, 96.
46. Burman 1986, 82.
47. Burman 1986, 83.
48. Burman 1986, 88.
49. Ferris 1902, 1.
50. Riley-Smith 2005, 81.
51. Nicholson 2003, 3.
52. Riley-Smith 1999, 25.
53. Riley-Smith 1999, 33.
54. Nicholson 2003, 13.
55. See Sire 1996.
CHAPTER NINE: THE STRUGGLE TO DEFEND THE KINGDOMS
1. Riley-Smith 1978, 99.
2. Runciman 1951, 2:238.
3. Runciman 1951, 2:253.
4. Tyerman 2006, 279.
5. Tyerman 2006, 275.
6. Phillips 2007, 99–101.
7. In Poliakov 1965, 48.
8. Stark 2001, chap. 3.
9. In Chazen 1980, 107–8.
10. Berry 1969, 463.
11. Moore 2008, 28.
12. In Phillips 2007, xxiii—xxiv.
13. Tyerman 2006, 318.
14. Procter [1856] 2007, 220.
15. Phillips 2007, 169.
16. Siberry 1985, 25.
17. Runciman 1951, 2:268.
18. Phillips 2007, 180.
19. Phillips 2007, 206.
20. Riley-Smith 2005, 128.
21. Nicolle 2004b, 50.
22. Pringle 1991.
23. Riley-Smith 1991, 56.
24. Smail 1951.
25. Runciman 1951, 2:329.
26. Runciman 1951, 2:366.
27. Lane-Poole [1898] 2002, 372.
28. Runciman 1951, 2:414.
29. Hamilton 2000.
30. William of Tyre [c. 1180] 1943, 2:407.
31. Runciman 1951, 2:462.
32. Runciman 1951, 2:464.
33. Lane-Poole [1898] 2002, 229.
34. Brand 1962, 170.
35. Irwin 2006, 213.
36. Munro 1935, 56.
37. Moffett 1992, 391.
38. Riley-Smith 2005, 305; Siberry 1995, 368.
39. Tyerman 2006, 351.
40. Gibbon [1776–1788] 1994, bk. 6, chap. 59.
41. Quoted in Madden 1999, 78.
42. Painter 1969b, 46.
43. Painter 1969b, 47.
44. Lane-Poole [1898] 2002, 221.
45. Ibn-el-Athir, quoted in Lane-Poole [1898] 2002, 222.
46. Lane-Poole [1898] 2002, 222; Runciman 1951, 2:472.
47. Ehrenkreutz 1955.
48. Ehrenkreutz 1955, 111.
49. Painter 1969b, 47.
50. Runciman 1959, 3:11.
51. Painter 1969b, 57.
52. Brand 1962, 173.
53. Quoted in Brand 1962, 175.
54. Brand 1962, 175.
55. Brand 1962, 177.
56. Painter 1969, 50.
57. Runciman 1951, 3:16.
58. Painter 1969b, 50.
59. Pryor 1992, 129.
60. Painter 1969b, 52.
61. Pryor 1992, 129.
62. Painter 1969b, 73.
63. Smail 1995, 164.
64. Painter 1969b, 74.
65. Painter 1969b, 75.
66. McLynn 2007, 214–15.
67. Runciman 1951, 3:130.
68. Durant 1950, 605; Tyerman 2006, 553.
69. Chandler 1987.
70. Runciman 1951, 3:123.
71. Vryonis 1967, 152.
72. Durant 1950, 605.
73. For a fine summary, see Queller and Stratton 1969.
74. Quoted in Phillips 2004, xiii.
75. Queller and Madden 1997, 135.
76. Queller and Madden 1997, 135.
77. Carroll 1993, 157, 131; Durant 1950, 605; Tyerman 2006, 553.
78. Richard 1999, 250.
79. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 159.
80. McNeal and Wolf 1969, 162.
81. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 167.
82. Madden 2003.
83. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 173.
84. Richard 1999, 247–48.
85. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 179.
86. Phillips 2004, 175.
87. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 181.
88. Richard 1999, 250.
89. Wolff 1969, 189.
90. McNeal and Wolff 1969, 185.
CHAPTER TEN: CRUSADES AGAINST EGYPT
1. Van Cleve 1969, 388.
2. Van Cleve 1969, 393.
3. Van Cleve 1969, 394.
4. Runciman 1951, 3:152; Van Cleve 1969, 398–99.
5. Van Cleve 1969, 399.
6. Van Cleve 1969, 400.
7. Runciman 1951, 3:154.
8. Runciman 1951, 3:155.
9. Runciman 1951, 3:158.
10. Van Cleve 1969, 414.
11. Runciman 1951, 3:162; Van Cleve 1969, 418.
12. Quoted in Hallam 2000, 254.
13. Tyerman 2006, 771.
14. Runciman 1951, 3:256.
15. Strayer 1969, 487.
16. Richard 1999, 345.
17. Richard 1999, 345.
18. Runciman 1951, 3:262.
19. Runciman 1951, 3:266
20. Richard 1999, 348.
21. Riley-Smith 2005, 208.
22. Ziada 1969, 735.
23. Ziada 1969.
24. Runciman 1951, 3:318.
25. Runciman 1951, 3:318.
26. Madden 1999, 181.
27. Madden 1999, 181.
28. Runciman 1951, 3:325.
29. Madden 1999, 181–82.
30. Runciman 1951, 3:325.
31. Mayer 1972, 281.
32. Tyerman 2006, 810.
33. Armstrong [1991] 2001,448.
34. Riley-Smith 1991, 115.
35. Madden 1999, 184; Riley-Smith 2005, 210.
36. Riley-Smith 2005, 210.
37. Madden 1999, 185.
38. Madden 1999, 211.
39. Runciman 1951, 3:348.
CONCLUSION: MISSION ABANDONED
1. Siberry 1985, 118.
2. Siberry 1985, 119.
3. Siberry 1985, 120.
4. Cazel 1955, 385.
5. Bédier and Aubry 1909, 45.
6. Painter 1969, 55.
7. Tyerman 2006, 779.
8. Tyerman 2006, 779.
9. Siberry 1985, 194.
10. Siberry 1985, 194.
11. Quoted in Throop 1940, 178.
12. Siberry 1985, 69.
13. Brundage 1985.
14. Quoted in Throop 1940, 169.
15. Runciman 1951, 3:407.
16. Runciman 1951, 3:419.
17. Quoted in Nicolle 2005, 83.
18. Armstrong [1991] 2001, xiv.
19. Riley-Smith 2003, 160–61.
20. Peters 2003, 6.
21. Hillenbrand 1999, 4–5.
22. In Hillenbrand 1999, 45.
23. There was no Arabic term for “crusaders.” They had merely been referred to as “Franks.”
24. Knobler 2006, 310.
25. Knobler 2006, 310.
26. Knobler 2006, 310.
27. Lewis 2002, 3.
28. Peters 2003; Riley-Smith 2003.
29. Andrea 2003, 2.
30. Sivan 1973, 12.
31. Knobler 2006, 320.
32. Various Muslims quoted by Riley-Smith 2003, 162.
RODNEY STARK
is the Distinguished Professor of the Social Sciences at Baylor University. His thirty books on the history and sociology of religion include
The Rise of Christianity; Cities of God; For the Glory of God,
which won the 2004 Award of Merit for History/Biography from
Christianity Today; Discovering God,
which won the 2008 Award of Merit for Theology/Ethics from
Christianity Today;
and
The Victory of Reason.
Visit the author online at www.rodneystark.com.
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Cover art: Battle of the Christians and Saracens at Damietta, from the “Historia Major”, c.1218 by Matthew Paris © Corpus Christi College, Oxford, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library Nationality
Cover design: www.levanfisherdesign.com
Title page image © Réunion des Musées Nationaux Art Resource, NY
Maps by Topaz Maps Inc.
GOD’S BATTALIONS
:
The Case for the Crusades.
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