Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (60 page)

theocracy, 249–50

Thomas, Saint, 65–66

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 118

on blasphemy, 280–81

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 262

Todorova, Maria, 311
n

toleration, issue of, 125

Torah, 23

on blasphemy, 280

stoning in, 297
n

totalitarianism, 199, 201–2, 242, 257

Toynbee, Arnold, 95, 190

Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation:

in Abbasid dynasty, 107–12

Asharism and, 115

commerce vs. military bureaucracy in, 126–27

context and, 119–20, 123–25

free will vs. determinism debate and, 96–98

Hanbalism and, 115–16

House of Wisdom and, 110, 112

Islamic government debate and, 252–53

Kharijite fanaticism and, 120–22

and literal interpretation of Qur’an, 113–14

minha
and, 109–10

Mutazilites and, 110–12

physical environment and, 128–32

rise of Sufism and, 114

as social conflict, 125–26

Traditionist victory in, 113–14, 117–18, 139, 171–72, 304
n

Wahhabism and, 116

Trench, Battle of the, 16, 57

tribalism, 48, 61

collectivism and, 49

of Kharijites, 121–22

penal system and, 48–49

polytheism and, 49

Qur’an and, 49–50

women and, 48

Trinity, 84

as term, 118

Tripoli, 159

trusts, legal doctrine of, 75

Tunis, 169, 170

Tunisia, 132, 174, 241

Turgut Özal Thought and Action Society, 321
n

Turkey, 18, 128, 131, 135, 152, 176, 261, 214–17

Andıç
case and, 320
n

Communism and, 35

constitution of, 203–4, 211

creation of Republic of, 180

EU and, 219, 223

exceptionalism of, 212–13

and freedom to sin, 271

future of, 242–44

Hadith Project of, 273–74

Hat Reform in, 17, 178, 180

headscarf controversy in, 203–6, 291
n

illiberal secular mindset of, 36–37

Iran and foreign policy of, 241

Islamic literature in, 232–33

Islam of,
see
Turkish Islam

Kayseri industrial boom in, 228–30

Kemalism of,
see
Kemalism, Kemalists; Kemalist Revolution

in Korean War, 210, 213

Kuleli incident and, 314
n

Kurds and, 36, 185–86

liberalism of, 203–11

“lost decade” of, 221

Mamak Prison of, 34–35, 36

middle class of, 38, 230–32

as model of Islamic democracy, 241–42, 243

Muslim world and, 240–41

NATO and, 210

1960 coup in, 211, 217

1980 coup in, 35–36, 217

Nur movement in, 22, 209–10, 214

Nursi and,
see
Nursi, Said

“postmodern coup” in, 221–22

Privates’ Rebellion and, 314
n

religious freedom in, 184–85

religious liberalization in, 233–37

secularism of, 36–37, 184–85, 212, 214, 243

single-party period of, 183–84, 209

sovereignty issue and, 152

Soviet Union and, 213

2001 economic crisis in, 221

university reform in, 206

U.S. as perceived by, 195, 216–17

War of Liberation of, 182

in World War II, 226–27

Turkish Islamism, 214–17

decline of, 220–22

Islamist-Socialist coalition and, 216

Islamist mindset and, 216–17

Nur movement and, 214

perception of U.S. and, 216–17

tarikat
and, 215–16, 217

Turkish National Library, 321
n

Turner, Bryan S., 134–35

TÜSI·AD (Turkish Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association), 25, 227–28

Uhud, Battle of, 16, 47

Ulama, 25, 304
n

Ülgener, Sabri, 131–32

Umar, Caliph, 64, 258, 276, 325
n

Umar II, Umayyad caliph, 87

Umayyad dynasty, 23, 26, 64, 81, 102, 107, 118, 159, 300
n

apostasy in, 276

free will vs. determinism debate and, 86–88

umma,
26, 56–57, 69, 190, 194, 250, 284

in Charter of Medina, 56–57

Milli Görüs¸ movement and, 215

United Kingdom,
see
Great Britain

United Nations, 241, 274, 275

United States, 25, 157, 184, 194, 218–19

capital punishment in, 255

Constitution of, 206

Middle East dictatorships and, 318
n
–19
n

militant Islam’s perception of, 195–96

in Philippines conflict, 159–60

pop culture of, 196–97

prohibition in, 267

slavery abolished in, 169

Turkish perception of, 195, 216–17

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 274

Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Islam, 274–75

urf
(local customs), 26, 89

usury (
riba
), 24, 63, 75, 105, 261, 269

Uthman, Caliph, 64, 80–81

van Gogh, Theo, 31, 280

Vienna, Second Siege of, 145–46

Violence in Politics
(Akyol), 35

Virtue Party, Turkey, 321
n

vizier, 26

Voltaire, 184

voluntarism, 26

Wahhab, Muhammad Abd-al-, 26, 115–16

Wahhabism, 17, 26, 116, 141, 162, 174, 176, 324
n

Wajdi, Farid, 200–201

waqf
(religious foundation), 26, 75

Waraqa (Khadija’s cousin), 45

War of Liberation of 1919–22, 182

War on Terror, 195

Watt, William Montgomery, 47–48, 59

Wavell, Archibald, 168

Wealth and Poverty of Nations, The
(Landes), 132

We Are Not Free Yet
(Akbulut, Kaplan, and Yılmaz), 205

“We Are Not Free Yet” (website), 204–5

Weber, Max, 38, 134, 229, 291
n

Welfare Party, Turkish, 221, 222, 321
n

West Africa, 174

Who Needs an Islamic State?
(El-Affendi), 253

Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 61

women, 62, 63, 171, 264, 269

capitalism and empowerment of, 238–39

genital mutilation of, 31–32

Hadiths and, 233–34

handshake question and, 236–37

headscarf debate and, 203–6

in Iran, 188–89

Islamic oppression of, 30