Authors: Richard Holmes
Maffei, Annibale, Count, 274, 347
Maggot, Dr, Dean of Winchester, 139
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de, 356, 417
Mainz, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Elector-Archbishop of, 262
Maitland, Major James, 158
Malplaquet, battle of (1709):
Macartney at, 416
site and landscape, 422
deployment and engagement, 423–32, 479
casualties, 433–4, 441, 480
results and effects, 434–6, 438, 441
Allied guns at, 478
Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of, 140
Manley, Mary de la Riviere, 87
The New Atlantis
, 83, 436–7
Mar, John Erskine, 6th or 11th Earl of, 153, 471, 474
Marchiennes, 457
Marlborough House, Pall Mall, 408
Marlborough, Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of, 476
Marlborough, George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of, 476
Marlborough, James Ley, 3rd Earl of, 42
MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF:
reputation and achievements, 1–3, 6
character and personality, 2–4, 9–11, 101, 254, 482
nicknamed ‘Corporal John’, 2–3, 478
avarice, 3, 10, 159, 438–81
love for wife, 4, 7–8, 85–6
correspondence and friendship with Godolphin, 6, 101, 175, 208, 224, 253
as Garter Knight, 11
portraits, 12
historical background, 14–16
finds Delamere not guilty, 18
on Master of Sinclair’s duel, 21
and army commissions and careers, 30, 55, 446–8
and political parties, 34, 36, 298–9, 328, 413, 482
birth and background, 39, 42–4
and nature of monarchy, 45
military reading, 46–7
schooling, 46
granted commission as ensign, 48, 55
and sister Arabella’s affair with James II, 48
serves James II (Duke of York), 57–8, 70, 92
early military service, 58–9
relations and child with Barbara Villiers, 58–9, 61, 63–5, 86
in Tangier, 59–60
duel with Herbert, 61
money gift from Barbara Villiers, 64, 88
out of favour with Charles II, 69–70
promoted captain in Lord Admiral’s Regiment, 69–70
at Maastricht, 70–1, 74–5
and siege warfare, 70–1, 74
returns to royal favour after Maastricht, 77
promoted Lieutenant-Colonel of Duke of York’s Regiment, 79
campaigns under Turenne, 80–2
colonelcy, 82
courtship and marriage, 83–8
marriage relations, 85–6, 329, 481–2
as senior liaison officer, 89
and James Duke of York’s exile in Low Countries, 92–3
missions to Louis XIV, 92, 109
and James Duke of York in Scotland, 93–4
children, 96, 102, 159
and James II’s fall, 96
escapes from sinking
Gloucester
, 97–8
granted Scottish barony as Churchill of Aymouth, 99
commands Second Troop of Life Guards, 100
in Holywell House, 100
commands Dragoons Regiment, 101–2
accompanies Prince George from Denmark to England, 107
correspondence with Sarah, 108, 223, 236, 252, 280–1, 297
religious convictions, 109, 138–9
English barony, 110
as governor of Hudson’s Bay Company, 110, 135
opposes Monmouth rebellion, 110–11, 113–18
promoted Major General, 119
in battle of Segemoor, 124–5, 127–8
rewarded after Sedgemoor, 126
conspires against James II, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144
and birth of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, 137
and William’s invasion of England, 138, 149–50
sits on court
martial of army religious dissidents, 140
promoted Lieutenant General, 149
maintains relations with James II, 150
abandons James II, 151–4
maintains links with Jacobites, 153, 165–6, 184, 191, 392, 467–8, 471, 474
and accession of William and Mary, 156–7
earldom, 157
tensions with William, 157
remodels army under William, 158–9
commands forces in Low Countries (1689), 159–61
colonelcy of Royal Fusiliers, 162
in council of nine during William’s absence in Ireland, 168
campaign in Ireland, 169–71
resents lack of reward after Irish campaign, 171–2
resentment at William’s favouring foreign officers, 172, 174–5
given command in Low Countries (1691), 173
Vaudemont praises, 174
William dismisses from appointments and court, 175–6
imprisoned in Tower for conspiracy, 178–80
released from bail, 181
accused of betraying 1694 Brest attack (‘Camaret Bay letter’), 183–5
reconciled with William, 186
denies complicity in Jacobite plot, 187–8
appointed governor of Duke of Gloucester and restored to rank and Privy Council, 190
and succession to Anne, 192, 327
negotiates 1701 Treaty of Grand Alliance in The Hague, 193
and Anne’s accession, 194
as ambassador to United Provinces, 195–6
appointed to command in Low Countries (1701–2), 195
awarded Garter, 195
wears insignia, 196
responsibilities and powers as coalition commander for Grand Alliance, 200–4, 206–8, 210, 446, 448
views on weapons and arms, 205–6
and campaign in Spain, 209–10, 350, 357
campaign in Low Countries, 210, 225–9
relations with Cadogan, 211–12
order of battle, 213
military strength, 216
letters written by secretaries and clerks, 218–19
Farewell allows to pass, 231
Anne awards dukedom and pension, 232–3
and death of son John (Blandford), 235–6
marriage breakdown (1704), 237, 256–8
supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 239
commands in 1703 campaign, 240–1
on need for more men by Dutch and British, 240
in attempt on Antwerp and Lines of Brabant (1703), 242–8
battlefield tactics, 242
differences with Slangenburg, 243, 320, 323–6
on Prince Louis William of Baden, 251
on campaign of 1704, 253–4
favours advance to Danube, 255–6
colonelcy of 1st Foot Guards, 256
disapproves of Sarah’s Whiggery, 257, 328
Sarah accuses of adultery, 257
will, 257, 440
march to Danube (1704), 258, 261–2, 264–5
appearance, 266
care for sick and wounded, 266, 306–7
relations with Eugène of Savoy, 266–7, 387
soft-heartedness, 266–7, 480
attacks Donauwörth (the Schellenberg), 272–4, 275–6
in Bavaria with Eugène, 279–80, 283
Leopold offers principality to, 280, 302–3
Blenheim tactics and victory, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 291, 293–7
infantry tactics, 284–5
returns to England after Blenheim, 299
and building of Blenheim Palace, 300–2, 351–2, 412, 472–3
in campaign of 1705, 305, 308–10, 313–14
joins Eugène at Speyerbach, 305
introduces pensions scheme for officers’ widows, 307
headaches (migraine), 308–9, 328, 349, 357, 451, 460, 481
takes and demolishes Lines of Brabant, 313–15, 323
nearly killed, 315
independence in decision-making, 317–18, 323
and French negotiations in The Hague (1705), 318–20
attempts to cross Dyle, 320–1
frustrated by Dutch, 321–2
dispenses favours and interests, 326–7
advisory role in government, 327, 330, 364
requests retirement
(1705), 327–8
stomach trouble and gout, 328
arranges loan for Joseph I, 329
in campaign of 1706, 330
attacks Villeroi (1706), 332–3
deployment and victory at Ramillies, 332–3, 335–7, 339, 342–3, 346
escapes death at Ramillies, 342–4
in pursuit after Ramillies, 347
at Oudenarde, 348, 372–3, 377, 386–7, 389
casualties at Ramillies, 348
advance in Brabant, 349
and Anne’s all-party government, 351, 353
and appointment of successor to Peter Mews, 355
visits Charles XII, 357–8
opposes Vendôme, 361–2
urges Anne to dismiss Harley, 363–4
opposes appointment of Somers to Cabinet, 364
responsibility for prisoners of war, 366–7
embarks force against Jacobite expedition to Scotland (1708), 369
prepares for 1708 campaign in Flanders, 370
in Spanish Netherlands campaign (1708), 371–4
depression over loss of Ghent and Bruges, 372, 375–7
and French strategy in Flanders, 393–4
and siege of Lille, 394–9, 401–2
plans for battle against French before Lille, 395–6
offers generous terms at fall of Lille, 403–4
rebukes Stair for disorderly conduct of troops, 403
takes Ghent, 404–5
strain and overwork, 407–8
as delegate in 1709 peace negotiations, 410, 420–1
requests appointment as captain general for life, 413, 415, 436–7
commands in campaign of 1709, 415–18
supports Macartney after conviction for rape, 415–16
Tory hostility to, 415
and battle of Malplaquet (1709), 423–5, 429–30
concern over Malplaquet casualties, 434
and peace negotiations (1710), 435
commands in campaign of 1710, 436, 446, 450–1
political opposition to, 436, 442–3, 445, 457–8
defamed in Mrs Manley’s
New Atlantis
, 437
supports Sarah against Anne, 437
justifies perquisites and rewards, 438–9
financial astuteness, 440–1
support for Godolphin on dismissal, 444
learns of Sarah’s difficult relations with Anne, 449–50
meets Anne on return (1710), 449
ill-health, 451
returns to France, March 1711, 451
suspicion of mail interception, 451
relations with Prince of Anhalt, 453
acts against Villars (1711), 455
takes Bouchain, 457
investigated by commissioners of public accounts and condemned, 460–1, 463
and peace terms of Treaty of Utrecht, 460, 462
dismissal and retirement, 461–2
reputation attacked, 463
travels to continent (1712–13), 463–6
as Godolphin’s pall bearer, 464
in Hanover to support Elector’s succession to British throne, 467–9
and death of daughter Elizabeth, 468, 471
returns home from continent (1714), 469–70
George I reinstates as captain general, 470
suffers strokes, 471–2
amusements in declining years, 473
and daughters’ differences with Sarah, 474
death and burial in Westminster Abbey, 474–6
heirs and successors, 476
reinterred at Blenheim Palace, 477
military accomplishments and practice, 478–80
popularity with soldiers, 480–1
supposed infidelities, 481
Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of (
née
Jennings):
and Blenheim Palace project, 4, 300–1, 321, 351, 472–3, 477
Marlborough’s love for, 4, 7–8
close relations with Queen Anne, 7, 103–7, 110, 141, 165, 176–7, 181, 190, 237
Maynwaring’s relations with, 7, 354
as keeper of privy purse, 13, 450
portrait, 13