Read She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity Online
Authors: Carl Zimmer
Helen Barrett and Helen Koch
: Cravens 1993.
“One of the few fixed stars in the creed . . .”
: “I.Q. Control” 1938.
World War II . . . focused the country's attention abroad
: Vinovskis 2008.
white person after a lobotomy
: Tucker 1994.
Garrett was an ardent supporter of segregation
: Winston 1998.
reporting on the “Communistic theories”
: Jackson 2005.
“the scientific hoax of the century”
: Quoted in Garrett 1961.
“The fundamental theoretical basis . . .”
: Quoted in Castles 2012, p. 114.
many benefits to the Head Start program
: Bauer 2016.
only to drift back down
: Montialoux 2016.
an educational psychologist named Arthur Jensen
: Jensen 1967.
have rejected them
: Colman 2016; deBoer 2017; Lewontin 1970; Nisbett 2013; Nisbett et al. 2012.
The Flynn effect did not leave behind American blacks
: Nisbett 2013; Rindermann and Pichelmann 2015.
Dorothy Roberts
: Roberts 2015.
When education researchers test out new programs
: Cesarini and Visscher 2017.
tailor school programs to each child
: See Asbury 2015; Asbury and Plomin 2013.
“If a simple blood test at birth could spot children . . .”
: Quoted in Asbury 2015.
“Precision education,” as this approach has been called
: See Hart 2016.
it's only a placeholder of an idea
: Panofsky 2015.
dubbed this kind of thinking “genetic essentialism”
: Dar-Nimrod and Heine 2011.
our minds instinctively sort things into categories
: Gelman 2003.
nothing we do in our lives
: Cheung, Dar-Nimrod, and Gonsalkorale 2014.
manipulate people's genetic essentialism
: Dar-Nimrod et al. 2014.
how many cell types there are
: See Regev et al. 2017; Yong 2016a.
Aristotle asked himself this question
: Leroi 2014.
“This point beats and moves . . .”
: Aristotle,
The History of Animals.
much as the mind produces thoughts
: Cobb 2012.
He drew the head of a sperm
: Lawrence 2008.
Caspar Friedrich Wolff
: Aulie 1961.
they were all variations on a theme
: See Harris 1999; Mazzarello 1999.
“And this principle . . .”
: Schwann 1847, p. 166.
the overgrowth of their two parents
: See Amundson 2007; Churchill 2015.
“How is it,” he asked, “that such a single cell can reproduce . . .”
: Quoted in Churchill 2015, p. 303.
a mysterious thing Weismann called “hereditary tendencies”
: Dröscher 2014.
Weismann also recognized another kind of heredity
: Churchill 1987; Griesemer 2005.
a “theoretical illustration”
: Weismann 1893, p.103.
draw trees of their own
: Maienschein 1978.
Edwin Grant Conklin
: Clement 1979.
“They called it cellular bookkeeping”
: Bonner and Bell, 1952, p. 81.
“came behind me while I was anxiously studying . . .”
: Conklin 1968, p. 115.
an essential part of embryology
: See Buckingham and Meilhac 2011; Kretzschmar and Watt 2012; Stern and Fraser 2001.
“The âWanderlust' of geneticists . . .”
: Quoted in Harrison 1937.
Conrad Waddington
: See Baedke 2013; Slack 2002; Stern 2003.
It used its many genes to produce many proteins
: Henikoff and Greally 2016.
“. . . a rough and ready picture of the developing embryo . . .”
: Waddington 1957.
like visions from the future
: See Allis and Jenuwein 2016; Felsenfeld 2014.
Mary Lyon
: See Cooper 2011; Fisher and Peters 2015; Gartler 2015; Gitschier 2010; Harper 2011; Kalantry and Mueller 2015; Nightingale 2015; Opitz 2015; Rastan 2015a, 2015b; Vines 1997.
She carried out elegant experiments
: Silvers 1979.
“They wanted me to get married at one point”
: Quoted in Gitschier 2010.
“always tried to stick to the mouse work”
: Quoted in Genetics and Medicine Historical Network 2004.
seven paragraphs
: Lyon 1961.
“He may not have realized I wasn't a PhD student . . .”
: Quoted in Vines 1997, p. 269.
“It is concluded”
: Grüneberg 1967, p. 255.
Ronald Davidson
: Davidson, Nitowsky, and Childs 1963.
molecules that shut down X chromosomes
: See Jegu and Lee 2017; Payer 2016; Vacca et al. 2016; Vallot, Ouimette, and Rougeulle 2016.
rolls the genetic dice
: See Galupa and Heard 2015; Xu, Tsai, and Lee 2006.
Jeremy Nathans
: Wu et al. 2014.
more steps on the journey
: Henikoff and Greally 2016.
master genes also sustain each other
: Moris, Pina, and Arias 2016; Semrau and Van Oudenaarden 2015.
right back to controlling the DNA in the two new cells
: Teves et al. 2016.
These fluctuations can throw the cell's feedback loops out of whack
: Goolam 2016.
Leila Boubakar
: Boubakar et al. 2017.
survive for only four months
: Milo and Phillips 2015.
hidden refuges of stem cells
: Goodell, Nguyen, and Shroyer 2015.
So-called satellite cells
: Yablonka-Reuveni 2011.
Stem cells need to hide in their refuges
: Adam and Fuchs 2016.
manipulating the way their daughter cells inherit their molecules
: Knoblich 2008.
one of the last places where they were discovered: in the brain
: See Bergmann and Frisén 2013; Bergmann et al. 2012; Bergmann, Spalding, and Frisén 2015; Bhardwaj et al. 2006; Spalding et al. 2013, 2005.
“Everything may die; nothing may be regenerated”
: Quoted in Rubin 2009, p. 410.
this tiny infusion may make an important difference
: See Anacker and Hen 2017; Bergmann and Frisén 2013.
translated into English as witches'-broom
: Fordham 1967.
a pair of Boston horticulturalists
: “Dwarf Alberta Spruce.”
they dubbed it a bud sport
: Bossinger and Spokevicius 2011; Marcotrigiano 1997.
all pink grapefruits descend
: da Graca, Louzada, and Sauls 2004.
“the spark which ignites a mass of combustible matter.”
: Quoted in Darwin 1868.
T. D. A. Cockrell wrote in 1917
: Cockerell 1917.
animals can be mosaics, too
: Spinner and Conlin 2014.
German dermatologist Alfred Blaschko
: Kouzak, Mendes, and Costa 2013.
“Brace yourselves up to witness . . .”
: Quoted in Howell and Ford 2010, p. 74.
“the most disgusting specimen of humanity . . .”
: Treves 1923.
“an animal in a cattle market”
: Quoted in Howell and Ford 2010, p. 77.
Theodor Boveri
: See Balmain 2001; Boveri 2008; Dietel 2014; Gull 2010; Heim 2014; McKusick 1985; Meijer 2005; Ried 2009; Wright 2014.
“The skepticism with which my ideas were met . . .”
: Boveri 2008.
The altered chromosomes drove cells to become cancerous
: Nowell 1960.
sequencing entire genomes from tumor cells
: Griffith et al. 2015.
They steal mitochondrial genes from healthy cells
: Tan et al. 2015.
simple arithmetic
: See Campbell et al. 2014; Forsberg, Gisselsson, and Dumanski 2016.
On August 5, 1959
: Hirschhorn, Decker, and Cooper 1960.
a team of Israeli geneticists
: Chemke, Rappaport, and Etrog 1983.
Proteus syndrome
: See Biesecker 2005, 2006; de Souza 2012; Tibbles and Cohen 1986; Wiedeman 1983.
Leslie Biesecker
: Lindhurst et al. 2011.
it may one day become curable
: Lindhurst 2015.
the genetic causes of more mosaic diseases
: See Campbell et al. 2015; Lupski 2013.
A mutation may arise at any stage
: Frank 2014.
Epidermal cells stream in rivers
: See Happle 2002; Kouzak et al. 2013.
Jonathan Pevsner
: See Freed, Stevens, and Pevsner 2014; Shirley et al. 2013.
hemimegalencephaly
: Flores-Sarnat et al. 2003.
brain tissue taken from eight people
: Poduri et al. 2013, 2012.
a long stretch of chromosome 1 was duplicated
: D'Gama et al. 2015.
her third child, a daughter named Astrea
: Dusheck 2016; Priest et al. 2016.
genetic purgatory
: Ackerman 2015.
mosaicism can heal
: See Gajecka 2016; Lai-Cheong, McGrath, and Uitto 2011; Pasmooij, Jonkman, and Uitto 2012.
over half of its cells end up with the wrong number of chromosomes
: See Freed et al. 2014; Oetting et al. 2015; Spinner and Conlin 2014; Vanneste et al. 2009.
reject the embryo altogether
: Freed et al. 2014.
can survive with some variety in their chromosomes
: Rutledge and Cimini 2016.
Markus Grompe
: Duncan et al. 2012.
all down to their descendants as a mosaic legacy
: See Frank 2014; Ju 2017.
reconstruct the cell lineages of the brain
: See Evrony 2016; Linnarsson 2015; Lodato et al. 2015.
“the bull-calf becomes a very proper bull”
: Hunter 1779, p. 279.
“The flesh of a fatted free martin . . .”
: Mills 1776, p. 262.
Frank Lillie started dissecting cow fetuses
: Capel and Coveney 2004.
Cows were Owen's life
: Owen 1983.
“It was a kind of bio-business venture.”
: Ibid., p. 11.
a Maryland cattle farmer got in touch
: Owen 1959.
carried proteins matching both bulls
: Martin 2015.
Peter Medawar
: Martin 2007b; Martin 2015.
punched out bits of skin
: Anderson et al. 1951.
Mrs. McK
: See Dunsford et al. 1953; Martin 2007a, 2007b.
“The Uniqueness of the Individual”
: Medawar 1957.
“to lift the phenomenon out of the âfreak' category.”
: Quoted in Martin 2007a.
Patricia Tippett
: Tippett 1983.
8 percent of the twins were chimeras
: Van Dijk, Boomsma, and de Man 1996.
a thirty-year-old woman in Germany
: Sudik 2001.
a girl was born in a Seattle hospital
: Gartler, Waxman, and Giblett 1962; Waxman, Gartler, and Kelley 1962.
a tetragametic chimera
: Yunis et al. 2007.
to produce a girl or a boy with ordinary genitals
: Malan et al. 2007.
Lydia Fairchild
: See Arcabascio 2007; Martin 2007a;
ABC News
2016; Wolinsky 2007.
Karen Keegan
: Yu et al. 2002.
“. . . part of me hadn't passed on to them”
: Quoted in Baron 2003.
a doctor first took note of this traffic
: Jeanty, Derderian, and Mackenzie 2014.
Christian Georg Schmorl
: Lapaire et al. 2007.
Rajendra Desai and William Creger
: Desai and Creger 1963.
Desai and colleagues in Boston ran the reverse experiment
: Desai et al. 1966.
new method to sort the cells of a fetus
: Herzenberg et al. 1979.
Diana Bianchi
: See Bianchi 2007; Bianchi et al. 1996; Martin 2010.
up to half of mothers
: Forsberg et al. 2016.
a legacy in reverse
: Khosrotehrani and Bianchi 2005.
42 percent of children
: Jeanty, Derderian, and Mackenzie 2014.
blood samples from 154 girls
: Müller et al. 2016.
a group of researchers at Leiden University
: Rijnink et al. 2015.
Lee Nelson
: Chan et al. 2012.
Gerald Udolph
: Zeng et al. 2010.
what effects their divided inheritance had on them
: Martin 2010.
scleroderma
: Nelson et al. 1998.
good for your health
: Bianchi 2007; Falick Michaeli, Bergman, and Gielchinsky 2015; Martin 2010.
Peter Geck
: Dhimolea et al. 2013.
Ruth Fischbach and John Loike
: Fischbach and Loike 2014; Loike and Fischbach 2013.
The Tasmanian Devil couldn't have been dead long
: Murchison 2016.
A singular epidemic
: See Ostrander, Davis, and Ostrander 2016; Ujvari, Gatenby, and Thomas 2016b; Ujvari, Papenfuss, and Belov 2016; Ujvari et al. 2014.
The genome in the tumors
: Murchison et al. 2012.
a type of nerve known as a Schwann cell
: Murchison et al. 2010.
Delabere Blaine
: Blaine 1810.
Mstislav Novinski
: Shabad and Ponomarkov 1976; Shimkin 1955.
In 1934, a veterinarian and a pathologist reported
: Stubbs and Furth 1934.
Robin Weiss
: Murgia et al. 2006.
humans have spread CTVT
: Strakova et al. 2016.
in the sea
: Metzger et al. 2015.
a second devil facial tumor
: Pye et al. 2015.
journey from one host to another
: See Tissot et al. 2016; Ujvari, Gatenby, and Thomas 2016a.
genes linked to immune surveillance
: Ostrander et al. 2016.
CTVT cells have stolen mitochondria
: Strakova et al. 2016.
the eight cases identified so far
: Riquet 2017.