Levene, Mark. “Why Is the Twentieth Century the Century of Genocide?”
Journal of World History
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Lippe, John M Vander. “The ‘Other’ Treaty of Lausanne: The American Public and Official Debate on Turkish–American Relations.”
Turkish Yearbook of International Relations
23 (1993): 65–78.
Lowry, Heath. “Turkish History: On Whose Sources Will It Be Based? A Case Study on the Burning of Izmir.”
Journal of Ottoman Studies
IX (1989): 1–27.
Marvin, George. “The Greek Military Debacle.” Asia The American Magazine on the Orient (Dec. 1922) 957, 1006.
Neyzi, Leyla. “Remembering Smyrna/Izmir: Shared History, Shared Trauma.”
History and Memory
20, no. 2, Special Issue:
Remembering and Forgetting on Europe’s Southern Periphery
(October 1, 2008): 106–27.
Obenzinger, Hilton. “Holy Land Narrative and American Covenant: Levi Parsons, Pliny Fisk and the Palestine Mission.”
Religion & Literature
35, no. 2/3 (July 1, 2003): 241–67.
“Petroleum and Sea Power.” American Oil & Gas History. http://aoghs.org/petroleum-in-war/petroleum-and-sea-power/.
Prentiss, Mark O. “No Experience Necessary.”
The Magazine of Business
37 (1920): 494–96.
Reed, Cass A. “After the War in Smyrna.”
The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad
115 (May 1919): 186–87.
Santiago, M. “Culture Clash: Foreign Oil and Indigenous People in Northern Veracruz, Mexico, 1900–1921.”
Journal of American History
99, no. 1 (June 22, 2012): 62–71. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas114.
Smith, George Otis. “Where the World Gets Its Oil but Where Will Our Children Get It When American Wells Cease to Flow?”
National Geographic Magazine,
February 1920, 181–202.
“Smyrna.”
The Orient
9.10 (1922): 88–94.
“Smyrna and After, Part I,”
Naval Review,
Naval Society, London, 1923, Vol. 3, 358.
“Smyrna and After, Part II,”
Naval Review,
Naval Society, London, 1923, Vol. 4, 737.
“Smyrna and After, Part III,”
Naval Review,
Naval Society, London, 1924, Vol. 1, 157.
“Smyrna and After, Part IV, V,”
Naval Review,
Naval Society, London, 1924, Vol. 2, 355.
“Smyrna and the Dardanelles,”
Naval Review,
Naval Society, London, 1935, Vol. 3, 467.
“Smyrna Under the Greco-Turkish Terror.” Literary Digest, New York. Oct. 28, 1922.
Smyrnelis, Marie-Carmen, ed. Smyrne, La Ville Oubliée? 1830–1930: Mémoires D’un Grand Port Ottoman, Collection Mémoires/Villes (Paris:
Éditions Autrement, 2006), p. 252.
International Journal of Middle East Studies
41, no. 1 (February 2009): 133–36.
Sorkhabi, Rasoul, Ph.D. “The Centenary of the First Oil Well in the Middle East.”
GEO ExPro Magazine
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Stivers, William. “International Politics and Iraqi Oil, 1918–1928: A Study in Anglo-American Diplomacy.”
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15 (1922): 953–59.
DISSERTATIONS
Buzanski, Peter Michsel. “Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish-American Relations, 1919–1922.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, 1960.
Goodman, Robert Carey. “The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923–29.” Master’s thesis, University of Richmond, 1988. Accessed November 28, 2014. http://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1524&context=masters-theses.
Kenjar, Kevin. “The Ineffable State of Transcendental Ecstasy: Kefi, Rebetiko and Sufi Mysticism.” Master’s thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2007. Accessed November 28, 2014. http://classics.uc.edu/~campbell/Kenjar/Ecstasy.pdf.
Lenser, Samuel David. “Between the Great Idea and Kemalism: The YMCA at Izmir in the 1920s.” Master’s thesis, Boise State University, 2010. Accessed
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Shelton, Elizabeth W. “Faith, Freedom, and Flag: The Influence of American Missionaries in Turkey on Foreign Affairs, 1830–1880.” Master’s thesis, Georgetown University Washington, DC, 2011. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553389/sheltonEliza beth.pdf?sequence=1.
Solomonidis, Victoria. “Greece in Asia Minor: The Greek Administration of the Vilayet of Aidin, 1919–1922.” Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1984.
Wadle, Ryan David. “‘The Fourth Dimension of Naval Tactics’: The U.S. Navy and Public Relations, 1919–1939.” Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9166.
NEWSPAPERS
Chicago Tribune
New York Times
Portland
(Oregon)
Tribune
Times
of London
Other British newspapers as quoted in secondary sources.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND WEBSITES
Naval Investigation Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second Session . . . Printed for the Use of the Committee on Naval Affairs. Vol. 2. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Hearings Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Sixty-seventh Congress, First Session, on the Proposed Tariff Act of 1921 (H. R. 7456) . . . 1922: American Valuation. 67th Cong., 1st sess. S. Doc. H. R. 7456. Vol. 7. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations. Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: Hearings, Ninety-third Congress [Ninety-fourth Congress, Second Session], Part 8. 94th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
U.S. Dept of State Office of the Historian. MILESTONES: 1921–1936.
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools
Abdul Halik, 194
Abdul Hamid II, 11, 41–42, 125, 171
Adalia, 385
Adams, Henry, 61
Adana pogroms, 42
Addoms, Andrew H., 253–54
Aegean evacuations of refugees, 383–90
Afyon Karahisar, 29, 31, 33, 37–38, 70, 76, 147, 264
Agamemnon
, HMS, 126
Aircraft design, 56
Aivali, 358, 378, 379–80, 384
Ajax
, HMS, 224
Akhisar, 45
Albania, 124, 125
Albany
, USS, 55–56
Aleppo, 84–85, 172
Alexander the Great, 25
Alexandria, 25
Aliotti, Ernesto, 312–14, 340, 345–46
Allenby, Edmund, 172
Alliance One, 276
n
Amalion Orphanage, 392
Amalthea
(newspaper), 78
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 175
American Committee for Syrian and Armenian Relief, 129
American Expeditionary Force, 133
American Federation of Churches of Christ, 326
American Federation of Labor, 130
American Friends of Turkey, 391
American Girls’ School, 200–201
American guards at, 118, 140, 200
evacuation of, 200–204, 206, 211–13, 212
n
refugees and violence, 147, 158, 178, 186, 194, 200–201
American International College, 27, 71, 72–73, 82, 199–200
American guards at, 118, 140, 154–55, 205
orphan refugees at, 89, 117, 284–85
refugees and violence, 87, 151, 162–63, 183–85
American Relief Administration (ARA), 68, 80, 131, 132, 280–82, 283, 294, 310–11, 331
Americans in Smyrna
business interests, 24–25, 140–42, 248–50, 263–64, 275–77; Bristol and bank closing, 50–51, 57; Bristol’s policy of protecting, 52, 57–58, 101, 130–31, 174–75, 178–79; community meetings, 79, 80–81, 87
evacuation of, 2–6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215
protection of, 52, 68–69, 81, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100, 118, 139–40, 141, 147, 154–55, 163, 164, 186, 200, 203, 205
relief efforts of.
See specific persons and organizations
American Theater (Smyrna Theater), 138, 142, 151–52, 192
American guards at, 118, 120, 139, 158
evacuations at, 198–99, 204–5
Great Fire and, 214, 222
refugees at, 167, 198–99
relief committee at, 89–90, 155–56
American tobacco companies, 24, 80–81, 263–64, 275–77, 317–18
American Tobacco Company, 156–57, 206–7, 276–77, 315
American Women’s Hospital Association, 352, 353, 385
Anatolia, 11–12, 15–16, 50, 84, 127
Anatolia College, 175–76
Anglo-Ionian Bank, 50–51
Anglo-Persian Oil Co., 243, 244
Ankara government, 68, 172, 194, 285
Antioch
, SS, 79, 104
Anti-Saloon League, 327
Arakelian, Aram, 240
Arakelian, Levon, 169
Araksi (maid), 168–70, 355
Archbell, Jehu, 276–77, 317, 381
Argyropoulos, Ippokratis, 214
Argyropulos, Panos, 340, 345–46, 376, 377
Arlington National Cemetery, 392
Arlotta, Madame, 256
Armenia, and Sevres Treaty, 15, 16
Armenian Club, 206
Armenian Genocide
death marches, 9–10, 15–16, 63–64, 84–85, 294–97, 438
n
overview, 9–10, 15–16
use of term “genocide,” 9, 393–94
Armenian orphans in Smyrna, 202–3, 230–31, 272, 298
Armenian Quarter, 25, 76, 150–51, 154, 159, 165, 168, 180, 186
Great Fire, 194, 202, 206–11
Jennings in Turkish mob, 195–96
Armenian refugees along Sea of Marmara, 159–60
Armenian refugees in Smyrna, 3–4, 70–71, 72, 75–79, 87, 90–91, 104–5, 107–8, 119–20, 128, 130–35, 144, 174–75
days of despair, 290–98
evacuation of.
See
Refugee evacuations of Smyrna
food shortages, 109–11, 113–14, 157–58, 180–81, 281–82
Noureddin and, 174–77
relief efforts, 68, 82, 88, 110–15, 119, 128–30, 134, 138–43, 156–59, 165–66, 174, 177, 178, 180, 202–4, 215, 230–34, 280, 281, 291.
See also specific persons and relief organizations
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381
Turkish violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 211–12, 234–35, 294
Asia Minor Defense League, 43, 44, 78, 161
Asian Minor, refugee situation in, 383–90
Atatürk.
See
Kemal, Mustapha
Attatürk
(Kinross), 301
n
Austria-Hungary, 11, 12, 124, 244, 245
Aydin Railroad, 36, 70, 108, 196, 360
Bailey, Lewis, 361
Bakas, Governor, 340, 376
Bakeries in Smyrna, 89, 110–11, 113–14, 139–40, 158, 180, 281
Balchova refugee camp, 157, 282–83, 282
n
, 315
Balfour Declaration, 15
Balkan Wars, 82–84, 403
n
Baltimore Sun,
138
n
, 327
Bandits, 162, 163, 198, 243, 276, 282
Barnes, Maynard, 77, 107, 174, 284, 317, 359
evacuation preparations, 193–94, 214–15
Great Fire and, 218, 235–36
relief efforts, 183, 227, 234, 234
n,
317, 362
Barneveld Methodist Church, 113
Barton, James, 326
Battle at Sakaria, 33–34
Battle of Jutland, 222–25
Bavarian
, SS, 79
Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord, 250
Bell, Edward, 333–34
Bello, Toney, 140
Benson, William S., 53, 432–33
n
Bernhardt, Sarah, 261
Birge, Anna, 199–200, 200
n
Birge, J. Kingsley, 72, 198, 316
Bismarck Tribune
, 326
Black, Van Clear, 138
n
Blackley, Francis, 88
Black Sea ports, refugee evacuation of, 385–87
Bliss, Robert Woods, 88
Bolshevik Revolution, 49
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 124
Bosporus, 49–50
Boston Cafe, 77
Boston Red Sox, 61
Boudjah, 94, 117, 164, 186, 284
Bouillon, Henry Franklin, 379
Bournabat, 25, 118, 119, 140, 148–49, 163–64, 186, 218, 316
Bozok, Salih, 162
BP (British Petroleum), 243
Bristol, Helen, 52–53, 54–55, 58, 95–96, 392
Bristol, Mark L.
Albany
incident, 55–56
American business interests and, 50–51, 52, 57–58, 63, 68, 101, 130–31, 140–42, 174–75, 178–79, 248–50, 275; oil policy, 246, 247, 248, 360
American relief community and, 128–29, 130, 132, 134–35, 152, 174–75, 234, 235
anti-Greek and Armenian sentiments of, 96–97, 99, 130, 131, 133, 265, 410–11
n
; claims of Greek atrocities, 133–34, 148, 150, 181–82, 250–51
authority of, 52–54
background of, 52–53, 55–57, 96–97, 248–49
distrust of British, 50–51, 152, 246, 249, 250, 251
Hepburn and, 98, 135, 137–42, 149–50, 152, 153, 161, 165, 174, 178–79, 182–83, 219, 220, 231, 236, 269, 272, 317, 332–33
as high commissioner, 48–59, 95–96, 98–102, 247, 249–50
Horton and, 39, 54, 62–63, 67–69, 80, 86, 98, 131, 181–83, 251; request for naval protection, 68–69, 81, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100
Houston and, 219–20
intelligence gathering, 53–54, 98–99; by Merrill, 98–99, 104, 108, 115–16, 120, 182–83, 271–72
Jennings and, 330, 343, 345, 345
n
, 391; learns of mission, 316–17, 369–74
later life of, 392
onboard
Scorpion
, 48, 58, 95, 98, 100, 250, 255, 329, 331
Powell and, 263, 285, 293, 298, 316–17, 330, 340, 360, 369–70, 379, 389
pro-Turkish sentiments of, 62–63, 67–68, 129, 330
public relations of, 100–101, 133–34, 135, 254–55
response to Smyrna crisis, 67–69, 87–88, 130–35, 176–77, 249–56, 266, 267, 272, 293, 294, 296
n
, 386, 388–89; pressure to intervene, 325, 327–37
State Department cables, 62–63, 68–69, 80, 250–51, 255–56, 333–34
Britain
Bristol and, 50–51, 130–35, 152, 249, 250, 251
Gallipoli Campaign, 32–33, 126, 223–24
Great Fire and refugee rescue, 223–28
Greek ship refugee evacuations and, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 152–53
Near East oil and, 241–44
post-war division of Ottoman Empire, 11–15, 245–46
Turkish War of Independence
and, 16, 31, 34, 57–58, 62, 78–79, 153, 182, 192–93, 192
n
, 223, 269
in World War I, 83, 85, 125–26, 171–72, 245
British in Smyrna, 111, 153, 161, 164, 181, 182
evacuation of, 78–79, 80, 98, 104, 152–53, 197, 291
British Mandate, 15, 124, 245–46
Brooks
, USS, 219–20
Broussa, 252–54
Brown, Constantine, 100–101, 107–9, 116, 148, 182, 255, 271–72, 333
Brown, John, 140
Buckle, Hugh C., 360–61, 363
Bugdonvich, John, 140
Burmah Oil Co., 243
Byzantine Empire, 13
Caffrey, Jefferson, 328, 369–72, 376
Caldwell, Samuel L., 72, 88
Campbell-Geddes, Auckland, 131, 285
Cannon, James, Jr., 326–27
Carathina, George, 284
Caravan Bridge, 76, 154, 155
Cardiff
, HMS, 225–26, 227
Cardos, Captain, 340
Carthage YMCA, 21
Casaba Railroad, 38, 43, 76, 81, 196
Casaprian, Haroutoun, 200
n
Casey, USS, 381
Centre College, 260
Chanak, 153, 182, 224, 299, 331, 362
Cherfeddine, 145–46
Chesme, 127, 136, 139, 164, 375, 383
Chicago Daily News
, 100–101, 271–72, 333
Chicago Herald
, 39–40
Chicago Tribune
, 65
n
, 100–101, 195
Chicago White Sox, 75
Chigiltepe, 34–35
Chios, 313, 375–76, 384–85
Cholera, 291, 387
Christian Science Monitor
, 254–55
Christians in Smyrna, 37–39, 43–44, 150–51, 159, 188
evacuation of, 178–80, 204, 231, 270
refugees flooding into Smyrna, 77–78, 91, 177
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381
Christians in Turkey, 159–60, 231, 386–87
American Protestantism and, 21–22
Horton’s desire to protect, 37–39, 42 43, 63, 85
Noureddin’s decision to expel, 174–76, 178
post-war division of Ottoman Empire and, 10–13, 245–46
Sevres Treaty and, 14–15, 246–47
Turkish slaughter of, 82–84, 125, 150–51, 159–60, 170, 176–78; death marches, 9–10, 15–16, 63–64, 84–85, 294–97
U.S. policy towards, 63–64, 86, 101; pressure to intervene, 325–37
Christie, Jean, 80, 202–3
Chrysostomos, 44, 172–73, 177
Churchill, Winston, 32, 269
Ciepiewicz, John, 140
Citta Di Torino
, 309
Clayton, John, 100–101, 107–8, 116, 120, 148, 149, 161, 181, 195, 215, 281–82, 359, 381
Cleo
, 315
Cleopatra, 22
Cleveland, Grover, 40
Colby, Chester, 243–44
Constantine I of Greece, 162, 299, 342, 377, 403–4
n
Constantinople, 11, 13, 16, 48–50, 331, 387–88
Constantinople Club, 255
Constantinople Relief Committee, 132, 141
Constantinople Women’s College, 254
Constantinopoli
, 309–14
Coogan, Jackie, 130
Coolidge, Calvin, 393
Corning, Sara, 143, 221, 265
relief efforts, 134, 142, 143, 165–66, 180, 215; orphanage girls, 202–4
Council on Foreign Relations, 135, 423
n
Crane, Stephen, 40
Crete, 13, 125
Crocker, Louis, 154–55, 184–85
Croesus, 42
Crusades, 13–14
Curacoa
, HMS, 307, 360–63, 365, 366, 381
Curzon, George, Lord, 131, 245, 269, 285
Custom House Pier, 26, 117, 268, 361
Cyprus, British seizure of, 124
Damascus wind, 191–92
Daniels, Josephus, 102
Danos, Chrys, 254–55
Daragatch Road, 218, 297
D’Arcy, William Knox, 241–43
Dardanelles, 15, 32, 125–26, 223–24, 329
Davis, Charles Claflin, 146, 205, 212
Great Fire and, 215, 218–19
refugee situation, 157–59, 174, 177, 187, 194–95
relief efforts, 134, 138–41, 156–59, 174, 177, 178, 231–34, 280
rescue efforts, 218–25, 227, 272, 278, 303, 310–11, 316, 317