12. John Schroeder, Mr. Polk’s War (Madison, Wisc., 1973), 147.
13. “‘Spot’ Resolutions in the House of Representatives,” Collected Works of AL , I, 420–22; Congressional Globe , 30th Cong., 1st sess., 95.
14. Presidential Messages , IV, 540–49; Justin Smith, The War with Mexico (New York, 1919), II, 261–63; Daniel Webster, Writings and Speeches (Boston, 1903), IX, 269.
15. Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission , 128–43.
16. Frederick Merk, The Monroe Doctrine and American Expansionism (New York, 1966), 194–232.
19. The term used by the Boston Times , Oct. 22, 1847, quoted in Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission , 122.
20. “The War with Mexico,” Collected Works , I, 431–42; spelling, punctuation, and italics are original. See also Gabor Boritt, “Lincoln’s Opposition to the Mexican War,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 67 (1974): 79–100; Mark Neely, “Lincoln and the Mexican War,” Civil War History 24 (1978): 5–24.
22. Robert Drexler, Guilty of Making Peace (Lanham, Md., 1991), 99.
23. Diary of James K. Polk , ed. Milo Quaife (Chicago, 1910), III, 161–65 (Sept. 4–7, 1847); Robert Brent, “Nicholas P. Trist and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 57 (1954): 454–74.
24. Polk, Diary , III, 185–86 (Oct. 4, 5, 1847); James Buchanan to Nicholas Trist, Oct. 6, 1847, in Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Inter-American Affairs , ed. William Manning (Washington, 1937), VIII, 214–16.
25. Nicholas Trist to James Buchanan, Dec. 6, 1847, and to Edward Thornton [the British diplomat through whom Trist communicated with the Mexicans], Dec. 4, 1847, ibid., 984–1015.
26. Jack Rittenhouse, Disturnell’s Treaty Map (Santa Fe, N.M., 1965) reproduces the map and describes its problems.
27. Richard Van Alstyne, The Rising American Empire (Chicago, 1965), 150–54.
28. The original text, plus amendments made by the U.S. Senate and a protocol interpreting those amendments, is printed in Richard Griswold del Castillo, The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Norman, Okla., 1990), 179–99.
29. Alejandro Sobarzo, Deber y consciencia: Nicolás Trist, el negociador norteamericano (México, 1990), 231–32.
30. Nicholas Trist to Virginia Trist, as related in a letter from Virginia Trist to [Henry?] Tuckerman, July 8, 1864, Trist Papers, University of North Carolina; quoted in Drexler, Guilty of Making Peace , 129.
31. Polk, Diary III, 300–301 (Jan. 15, 1848).
32. Drexler, Guilty of Making Peace , 141.
33. Norman Graebner, “Party Politics and the Trist Mission,” Journal of Southern History 19 (1953): 137.
34. See Polk, Diary , III, 344–51 (Feb. 19–21, 1847).
35. The Senate considered the treaty in executive session and kept no record of its debates; later, however, it published a record of the votes on various proposals: The Treaty Between the United States and Mexico, the Proceedings of the Senate Thereon, and Message of the President and Documents Communicated Therewith (Washington, 1848).
36. New York Tribune , March 1, 1848, quoted in Michael Morrison, Slavery and the American West (Chapel Hill, 1997), 83; New York Sun , March 15, 1848, quoted in Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission , 191.
37. Nathan Clifford to James Buchanan, June 12, 1848, Documentos de la relación de México con los Estados Unidos , ed. Carlos Bosch García (México, 1985), IV, 957.
38. Smith, War with Mexico , II, 238. There is an unfavorable assessment of Trist’s work in Jack Nortrup, “Nicholas Trist’s Mission to Mexico,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 71 (1968): 321–46.
39. Martin Van Buren Jr. told his father he suspected as much. Graebner, “Party Politics,” 156.
40. Polk, Diary , II, 477 (April 14, 1847).
41. Presidential Messages , IV, 589.
42. Griswold del Castillo, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , 62–86. See also Matt Meier and Feliciano Ribera, Mexican Americans/American Mexicans (New York, 1993), 66–78; Neil Foley, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley, 1997), 17–25; Vicki Ruiz, “Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History,” JAH 93 (2006): 655–72.
43. Hubert H. Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco, 1890), VII, 474–94; Burnett in California State Senate Journal , Jan. 7, 1851, 15. See also the documents in Robert Heizer, ed., The Destruction of the California Indians (Santa Barbara, Calif., 1974). On the term “genocide,” see Albert Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (New Haven, 1988), 3–4.
44. Sherburne Cook, The Population of the California Indians (Berkeley, 1976), 44; Hurtado, Indian Survival , 100–148, 211–18.
45. Washington National Intelligencer , March 14, 1848; Frederick Douglass, “Peace. Peace! Peace!” North Star , March 17, 1848.
46. John Quincy Adams to Albert Gallatin, Dec. 26, 1847, quoted in Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Union (New York, 1956), 500.
47. This version is accepted by his great biographer, Bemis, 536. Other authorities give “This is the end of earth. I am content.”
48. Lynn Parsons, John Quincy Adams (Madison, Wisc., 1998), xiv–xv.
50. John Quincy Adams, diary entry for Feb. 24, 1820, in his Memoirs , ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia, 1874–79), IV, 531.
51. Quotation from Rodman Paul and Elliott West, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, rev. ed. (Albuquerque, N.M., 2001), 13. On Jennie Wimmer, see H. W. Brands, The Age of Gold (New York, 2001), 1–2; Joanne Levy, They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush (Hamden, Conn., 1990), xix–xxi.
52. Quoted in Morrison, Slavery and the American West , 97.
53. See Kenneth Owens, ed., Riches for All: The California Gold Rush and the World (Lincoln, Neb., 2002); William Greever, The Bonanza West (Norman, Okla., 1963), 7–8.
54. New York Herald , Aug. 19, 1848, morning ed.; Presidential Messages , IV, 636–37.
55. Malcolm Rohrbough, Days of Gold (Berkeley, 1997), 28.
56. T. H. Watkins, Gold and Silver in the West (Palo Alto, Calif., 1971), 40; Robert Hine and John Faragher, The American West (New Haven, 2000), 240.
57. Michael Holt, “The Market Revolution and Major Party Conflict,” in The Market Revolution in America , ed. Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway (Charlottesville, Va., 1996), 246. On Corcoran & Riggs, see Henry Cohen, Business and Politics in America from the Age of Jackson to the Civil War (Westport, Conn., 1971).
58. See James Wall, Manifest Destiny Denied (Washington, 1981).
59. Brands, Age of Gold , 123; Rohrbough, Days of Gold , 65; Paula Mitchell Marks, Precious Dust (New York, 1994), 55–57.
60. Michael Tate, Indians and Emigrants (Norman, Okla., 2006), 104–20; David Henkin, The Postal Age (Chicago, 2006), 119–37.
61. Greever, Bonanza West , 21.
62. For numbers, see Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, 1975). For class origins, see Brian Roberts, American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-Class Culture (Chapel Hill, 2000), esp. 32–37.
63. Levy, They Saw the Elephant , xvii. This is an estimate for those who traveled overland, but it is probably appropriate overall and for all ethnic groups.
64. Paul and West, Mining Frontiers , 222, 265; Marks, Precious Dust , 354.
65. A story circulated that James Marshall actually got his first gold from a Maidu Indian named Jim. Joel Hyer, “We Are Not Savages” (East Lansing, Mich., 2001), 53.