The Sword And The Olive (69 page)
9
This description of conditions in Palestine is based on S. Avitsur,
Chaye Yom Yom Be-erets Yisrael Ba-mea Ha-tshaesre
[Daily Life in the Land of Israel During the Nineteenth Century] (Tel Aviv: Am Hasefer, 1972), p. 129 ff.
10
For the pogroms’ role in driving the Jews to Palestine see S. Laskov,
Ha-biluyim
[The Biluyim] (Jerusalem: Zionist Organization, 1979), introduction; also A. Shapira,
Cherev Ha-yona
[The Dove’s Sword] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1992), p. 58 ff.
11
Cf. A. L. Avneri,
Ha-hityashvut Ha-yehudit Ve-teanat Ha-nishul, 1878-1948
[Jewish Settlement and the Myth of Expropriation, 1878-1948] (Efal: Tavenkin Institute, 1980), p. 13 ff.
12
On the Ottoman landowning system see Ph. E. Schoenberg, “Palestine in the Year 1914” (Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1978), pp. 23-32.
14
E.g., Y. L. Pinsker,
Autoemancipatsia
[Autoemancipation, 1881], M. Yoeli, ed. (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Education, 1970), is one long tirade against the bad qualities that Jews supposedly acquired in the diaspora.
15
Y. Doron, “Ha-tsiyonut Ha-klasit Ve-ha-antishemiut Ha-modernit: Hakbalot Vehashpaot, 1883-1914” [Classical Zionism and Modern Anti-Semitism: Parallels and Influences, 1883-1914],
Ha-tsionut
8 (1989): 57-103.
16
See G. Israel,
The Jews in Russia
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1975), for a short account.
17
S. A. Cohen, “The Bible and Intra-Jewish Portraits of King David,”
Jewish Political Studies Review
3 (1991): 49-66.
18
Y. Klausner,
Ha-ktavim Ha-Tsioniyim shel Ha-rav Tsvi Kalisher
[The Zionist Writings of Rebbe Kalisher] (Jerusalem: Kuk, 1947), p. 36; J. H. Alkelai, “Minchat Yehuda” [Juda’s Offering], in
Ketavim
[Writings] (Jerusalem: Kuk, 1944), vol. 1.
19
Ts. H. Kalisher,
Drishat Tsion
, in G. Kresel, ed.,
Rabbi Yehuda Alklai—Rabbi Tsvi Hirsch Kalisher, Mivchar Ktavim
[Rabbi Yhuda Alkelai and Rabbi Tsvi Hirsch Kalisher, Selected Writings] (Tel Aviv: Shreberk, n.d.), p. 138.
20
The first modern mention is in M. Y. Berdichevsky,
Machshavot Ve-torot
[Thoughts and Doctrines] (Leipzig: private printing, 1922), pp. 34-38. See also B. Schwartz and others, “The Recovery of Masada: A Study in Collective Memory,”
The Sociological Quarterly
27:2 (1986): 147-164.
21
The document is pretend in M. Berslevsky,
Tnuat Ha-poalim Ha-erets Yisraelit
[The Workers’ Movement of
Erets Yisrael
] (Tel Aviv: Ha-kibbuts Ha-meuchad, 1967), pp. 293-296.
22
Shire Yaakov Cohen
[The Poems of Y. Cohen] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, n.d.), pp. 75-76.
23
The Jewish-German paper,
Selbtstemancipation
, No. 1, 1880, quoted by Doron, “Ha-tsiyonut Ha-klasit,” p. 68.
24
Th. Herzl,
The Jewish State
(London: The Zionist Organization, 1934 [1896]), p. 72.
25
Cf. R. Wistrich, “Tsiyonuto shel Herzl ben Mitos Le-utopia” [Herzl’s Zionism between Myth and Utopia], in D. Ochana and R Wistrich, eds.,
Mitos Ve-zikaron
[Myth and Memory] (Tel Aviv: Ha-kibbuts Ha-meuchad, 1996), p. 111.
26
Th. Herzl,
Ha-yoman
[The Diary] (Tel Aviv: Sifriya Tsiyonit, 1978-1991), vol. 1, pp. 50-51, entry for June 9, 1985.
27
R. Patai, ed.,
The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl
(New York: Herzl Press, 1960), vol. 1, pp. 27, 33, 43, 77.
28
Y. Slutsky,
Mavo Le-Toldot Tnuat Ha-avoda Ha-yisraelit
[Introduction to the History of the Israeli Labor Movement] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1973), p. 160 ff.
29
The customs that prevailed in the
madfa
are described in Ts. Nadav,
Bi-yme Shmira Ve-hagana
[In the Days of Guarding and Defending] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1954), pp. 74-76.
30
I. Ivri (pseud. for Y. Klausner),
Chashash
[Fear],
Ha-shiloach
17 (1907);J. Aharonovitsh,
Klape Pnim
[Turning Inward],
Ha-poel Ha-tsair
, November 1, 1912.
31
The death-threatening document, dated January 1914, is printed in Y. Goldstein,
Chavurat-Ha-roim
[The Shepherds’ Association] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1993), p. 21.
33
A. Pialkov and Y. Rabinovitsh, eds.,
Yitschak Tabenkin, Pirke Chayim
[Yitschak Tabenkin, a Life] (Kibbuts Beeri: Yad Tabenkin, 1982), p. 54.
34
A typical contract is printed in S. Shva,
Shevet Ha-noazim: Korot Maniya Ve-Yisrael Shochet Ve-Chavrehem Be-“Ha-shomer”
[The Daring Tribe: The Story of Manya and Yisrael Shochet and Their Comrades in “Ha-shomer”] (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Ha-poalim, 1970), pp. 138-139.
35
A typical episode of this sort is described in G. Gra,
Ha-shomer
[Ha-shomer] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1985), p. 96.
36
It is described in Y. Ben Tsvi et al., eds.,
Sefer Ha-shomer
[The Book of Ha-shomer] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, n.d.), p. 21.
37
The role played by women in
Ha-shomer
is discussed by Gra,
Ha-shomer
, p. 66 ff.; also Y. Goldstein,
Ba-derech el Ha-yaad: “Bar Giora” Ve-“Ha-shomer” 1907-1935
[Toward the Objective: “Bar Giora” and “Hashomer,” 1907-1935] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1994), pp. 62-71.
38
Avneri,
Ha-hityashvut
, p. 87.
39
B. Ts. Di-Nur, ed.,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
[The History of the Hagana]
(
Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1954), vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 227.
40
Ben Tsvi,
Sefer Ha-shomer
, p. 38.
41
There is an English translation of Shochet’s memorandum in Y. Allon,
The Making of Israel’s Army
(London: Sphere Books, 1971), pp. 116-118.
42
Ben Tsvi,
Sefer Ha-shomer
, vol. 1, pp. 36-37.
43
Cf. N. Efrati, “Ha-yishuv Ha-yehudi Be-erets Yisrael Bi-tkufat Milchemet Ha-olam Ha-rishona” [The Jewish Settlement in Palestine During World War I] (Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1986), p. 270 ff.
44
Cf. Goldstein,
Ba-derech el Ha-yaad
, p. 45 ff.
45
Ben Tsvi,
Sefer Ha-shomer
, vol. 1, pp. 39-40.
46
A typical session is described in
Kovets Ha-shomer
[Ha-shomer File] (Tel Aviv: Archion Ha-avoda, 1938), pp. 484-489.
CHAPTER 2
1
The relationships that prevailed are described in A. Druyanov,
Ktavim Le-Toldot Chibat-Tsion Ve-Yishuv Erets Yisrael
[Writings on the History of the Chibat-Tsion Movement and the Settlement of Palestine], S. Laskov ed. (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1982), document nos. 791, 798.
3
D. R. Divine,
Politics and Society in Ottoman Palestine: The Arab Struggle for Survival and Power
(Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 145 ff.
4
Quoted in H. M. Kalvarisky, “Ha-Yechasim ben Ha-Yehudim Ve-ha-Aravim Lifne Ha-milchama” [Relationships Between Jews and Arabs Before the War],
Sheifotenu
2 (1931): 54.
5
Y. Porath,
The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918-1929
(London: Cass, 1974), pp. 28-29.
6
The most authoritative account of this episode is S. Laskov,
Trumpeldor: Sippur Chayav
[Trumpeldor: Story of His Life] (Jerusalem: Keter, n.d.), p. 228 ff.; for the subsequent legend see A. Shapira,
Cherev Ha-yona
[The Dove’s Sword] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1992), p. 141 ff.
7
For statistics see A. L. Avneri,
Ha-hityashvut Ha-yehudit Ve-teanat Ha-nishul, 1878- 1948
[Jewish Settlement and the Myth of Expropriation, 1878-1948] (Efal: Tavenkin Institute, 1980), p. 224 ff.
8
The activities of these battalions are described in Y. Elam,
Ha-gdudim Ha-ivriyim
[The Jewish Battalions] (Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1984).
9
The sufferings of
Ha-shomer
women are emphasized in G. Gra,
Ha-shomer
[Hashomer] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1985), p. 66 ff.
10
E. Talmi,
Ma U-mi Ba-shmira U-ba-Hitgonenut
[Who Is Who in Guarding and Defense] (Tel Aviv: Davar, 1978).
11
U. Ben Eliezer,
Derech Ha-kavenet: Hivatsruto shel Ha-militarizm Ha-yisraeli, 1936- 1956
[Through the Gunsight: The Emergence of Israeli Militarism, 1936-1956] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1995), pp. 105-106.
12
Cf. Porath,
The Emergence
, pp. 110-111.
13
Census of Palestine, 1931
(London: His Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1932), summary.
14
Term used by Y. Ratner, the organization’s future chief of staff, and quoted in M. Pail,
Min Ha-hagana Li-Tsva Hagana
[From the Hagana to the IDF] (Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1979), p. 19.
15
On the Hagana forces in Haifa see A. Lubrani,
Darko shel Adam; Kovets Le-Zichro shel Yakov Pat
[A Pamphlet in Memory of Yakov Pat] (Herzliya: private edition, 1958), p. 76; also B. Ts. Di-Nur, ed.,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
[The History of the Hagana] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1954), vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 422-423.
16
The largest “ex” took place in November 1923 and is described in ibid., pp. 227
-
228
.
18
Ts. Nadav,
Bi-yme Shmira Ve-hagana
[In the Days of Guarding and Defending] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1954), p. 307.
19
Di-nur,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 628
.
20
See Porath,
The Emergence
, p. 265 ff.
21
G. Biger,
An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917-1929
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1994), pp. 158-159.
22
Di-nur,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 313, 404.
23
Ts. Eshel,
Maarchot Ha-hagana Be-Chefa
[The Hagana’s Campaigns in Haifa] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1978), p. 163 ff.
24
Y. Ben Tsvi et al., eds.,
Sefer Ha-shomer
[The Book of Ha-shomer] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, n.d.), pp. 77 and 408, has two firsthand accounts of this mission.
25
Di-nur,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 387.
CHAPTER 3
1
For the details of this plan see B. Ts. Di-Nur, ed.,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
[The History of the Hagana] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1954), vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 407 ff.
2
Z. Abramovitsh and Y. Glaft,
Ha-meshek Ha-aravi Be-erets Yisrael U-be-artsot Hamizrach Ha-tichon
[The Arab Economy in Palestine and the Middle East] (Tel Aviv: Ha-kibbuts Ha-meuchad, 1944), p. 39.
3
Di-nur,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 479.
4
For a vivid account of Tel Aviv as it appeared during those years see S. Peres,
Battling for Peace
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995), p. 17 ff.
5
These and other figures are from M. Asaf,
Ha-yechasim ben Aravim Ve-yehudim Be-erets Yisrael, 1860-1948
[The Relationships Between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, 1860-1948] (Tel Aviv: Tarbut Ve-chinuch, 1967), p. 121 ff.
6
Y. Ratner,
Chayai Ve-ani
[My Life and I] (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1978), p. 262.
7
A facsimile of the document is printed in Di-nur,
Sefer Toldot Ha-hagana
, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 527.
8
Y. Elam,
Ha-gdudim Ha-ivriyim
[The Jewish Battalions] (Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 1984), pp. 259-266.
9
See on this phenomenon A. Kadish,
La-meshek Ve-la-neshek
[To Farms and Arms] (Tel Aviv: Tag, 1995), pp. 190-191.
10
A. Gorali, Judge-Advocate General, Report, September 5, 1948, TSAHAL Archive, file 121/50/221.
11
Y. Horowitz,
Mah Chidesh Ha-FOSH
[FOSH Innovations] (Ranana: Snunit, 1985), p. 18.