The Sword And The Olive (80 page)
29
Jerusalem Post
, July 2, 1982.
30
This and subsequent public opinion figures from various polls summed up in Yaniv,
Dilemmas of Security
, p. 316.
31
M. Begin, “Milchemet En Brera Ve-milchemet Brera” [No Choice War and Choice War],
Yediot Acharonot
, August 20, 1982, p. 2.
32
See on this episode R. Gal, “Commitment and Obedience in the Military: An Israeli Case Study,”
Armed Forces and Society
11:4 (Summer 1985): 558-559.
33
For these movements see Y. Yishai, “Dissent in Israel: Opinions on the Lebanon War,”
Middle East Review
(Winter 1983): 38-44.
34
Data from R. Linn, “Sarvanut Mi-taamei Matspun” [Conscientious Objection],
Iyunim Be-chinuch
49/50 (1989): 51-52.
35
For the link between an army’s cohesion and psychiatric casualties see D. H. Marlowe,
Cohesion, Anticipated Breakdown, and Endurance in Battle: Considerations for Severe and High Intensity Combat
(Washington, D.C.: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1979); Z. Solomon et al., “Effects of Social Support and Battle Intensity on Loneliness and Breakdown During Combat,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
51:6 (1986): 1269-1277; also M. van Creveld,
Fighting Power: German and U.S. Army Performance, 1939-1945
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), pp. 91-96.
36
U. Ben Ari,
Acharai
[Follow Me] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1994), p. 174.
37
Sh. Noy,
Lo Yachol Yoter: Tguvot Le-lachats Krav
[Can’t Go On: Combat Stress Reactions] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1991), p. 43.
38
A. Levy et al., “Tguvot Ha-krav Be-milchamot Yisrael, 1948-1982” [Reactions to Combat in Israel’s Wars, 1948-1982], mimeograph, IDF, Chief Medical Officer, 1993, pp. 13-14, 19, and
passim
.
39
R. Gal,
A Portrait of the Israeli Soldier
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 213.
40
R. Gal, “Mabat Nosaf al Helem Krav” [Another Look at Battle Shock],
Maarachot
332 (September-October 1982): 40-45.
41
Noy,
Lo Yachol Yoter
, p. 44; also Gal,
A Portrait of the Israeli Soldier
, p. 220.
42
Levy, “Tguvot Ha-krav,” p. 41.
43
The Beirut Massacre: The Complete Kahan Commission Report
(New York: Karz-Cohl, 1983).
44
Dupuy and Martell,
Flawed Victory
, p. 140.
45
Jerusalem Post
, June 9, 1983.
46
Lowest estimate in interview with Tsvi Eshet, financial adviser to the IDF chief of staff,
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, May 31, 1985, p. 33; highest one in Ch. Barkai, “Reflections on the Economic Cost of the Lebanon War,”
The Jerusalem Quarterly
37 (1986): 95-106.
47
In Klein et al.,
Ha-milchama Ba-terror
, p. 93.
48
Cf. Yaniv,
Dilemmas of Security
, pp. 152-153.
49
N. Machiavelli,
The Prince
(Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1961), p. 45.
50
Figure from E. Yaari, “Neighbourhood Watch,”
The Jerusalem Report
, September 18, 1997, p. 26.
51
E.g., Sheik Nasrulla as quoted in
Yediot Acharonot
, February 14, 1997, p. 2.
52
Yediot Acharonot
, April 26, 1996, p. 2.
53
The existence of this unit was disclosed for the first time on Israel TV, December 4, 1996.
54
R. Adelist and A. Lam, “Regel Poh, Regel Sham” [A Leg in Each Camp],
Yerushalayim
, November 22, 1996, p. 18.
55
Z. Schiff, “Ma Chadash Ba-tsafon?” [What Is New in the North?”],
Ha-arets
, March 25, 1993, p. 2.
56
S. Gazit et al., eds.,
The Middle East Military Balance
,
1993-1994
(Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center, 1994), p. 146.
57
Y. Luts, “Levanon: Tomche Ha-nesiga Mitchazkim” [Lebanon: The Supporters of Withdrawal Get Stronger],
Anashim
, January 14, 1997, p. 5.
58
N. Barnea, “Not the Soldiers but the Parents Need Psychiatric Attention,”
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, June 6, 1997, p. 2.
CHAPTER 18
1
The figure for the United States, taking 220 million as its population base, is 1:2,400 per year of the Vietnam War.
2
Sh. Feldman, “Yachasei Mimshal Regan-Yisrael, Ha-kadentsia Ha-shnia” [The Reagan Administration and Israel, the Second Term], Monograph No. 14 (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center, 1985), pp. 62-65.
3
S. Flotsker, “Atsmaut Kalkalit, 1986-1996” [Economic Self-Sufficiency, 1986-1996],
Yediot Acharonot
, December 27, 1996, p. 5.
4
For details of the Syrian buildup see H. Goodman and W. Seth Carus,
The Future Battlefield and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1990), pp. 29-36; also M. Heller, ed.,
The Middle East Military Balance, 1984
(Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center, 1984), pp. 209-212.
5
Cf. Y. Shamir,
Sikumo shel Davar
[Summing Up] (Tel Aviv: Idanim, 1994), p. 202.
6
Figures on Israel, Jordan, Egypt, from The Economist,
The World in 1997
(London: The Economist, 1996), p. 100; figures on Syria kindly provided by Professor Moshe Maoz, the Hebrew University.
7
Data from A. Klieman and R. Pedatzur,
Rearming Israel: Defense and Procurement Through the 1990s
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 59-60.
8
Flotsker, “Atsmaut Kalkalit,” p. 5.
9
Yediot Acharonot
, November 22, 1996, p. 4.
10
Figure from Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1993 Britannica Book of the Year
(Chicago, Ill.: Britannica, 1993), p. 663. U.S. per-capita expenditure during the same year was comparable, but defense only formed 5.8 percent of GNP; ibid., p. 744. The corresponding figures for Germany were 4.9 percent and $544 (ibid., p. 613); for Britain, 4.2 percent and $605 (ibid., p. 740); for France, 3.7 percent and $628 (ibid., p. 608).
11
Comparison between 1984 and 1994 data based on tables in Sh. Gazit et al., eds.,
The Middle East Military Balance, 1993-1994
(Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center, 1994), p. 498.
12
In 1984, inclusive of 180 Skyhawks, it stood at 520; in 1994, exclusive of 175 Skyhawks, it stood at 522.
13
Figures on fertility taken from Government of Israel,
Ha-shnaton Ha-statisti
[Statistical Yearbook] (Jerusalem: Government Printing Office, 1960, 1974).
14
As of 1996 17 percent of young males and 30 percent of young females were not drafted;
Yediot Acharonot
, September 2, 1996, p. 5.
15
A. Bernheimer, “Profil ’96” [A Profile for 1996],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, April 19, 1996, p. 16; Israel Women’s Lobby, “Nahsim Ve-sherut Be-TSAHAL: Metsiut, Ratson Ve-chazon” [Women in the IDF: Reality, Will, and Vision] (Tel Aviv University: mimeographed, 1995), p. 10.
16
Chief of the General Staff Division, Maj. Gen. Matan Vilnai, on Israel Radio, December 26, 1996.
17
See J. van Doorn,
The Soldier and Social Change
(Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975), chap. 3.
18
See above all S. A. Cohen, “The Israel Defense Forces: From a ‘People’s Army’ to a ‘Professional Military,’ Causes and Implications,”
Armed Forces and Society
21:2 (Winter 1995): 237-254; also S. Gordon, “Bi-zchut Giyus Barerani” [In Favor of Selective Service],
Maarachot
328 (September 1993): 32-37
.
19
Figure of $17,000 from Israel Radio, February 23, 1997; major general’s pay from
Yediot Acharonot
, October 1, 1997, p. 29. One is reminded of the eighteenth-century tables for the ransoming of prisoners, which valued a private at 4
livres
and a
Marechal de France
at 240,000.
20
Cf.
Maariv
, September 11, 1997, p. 14.
21
In 1996 no fewer than two-thirds of the 8,500 border guards were conscripts:
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, November 21, 1996, p. 6.
22
Haarets
, May 1, 1996, p. 6.
23
See for the details Y. Gvirts, “Lo Barachnu, Lo Nichnasnu Le-helem” [We Didn’t Run, We Didn’t Go into Shock”],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, July 19, 1996, pp. 14-15.
24
Interview with Brigadier General (ret.) Dotan, former chief, CHEN, in I. Jerby,
Ha-mechir Ha-kaful: Maamad Ha-isha Ba-chevra Ha-yisraelit Ve-sherut Ha-nashim Be-tsahal
[The Double Price: Women’s Status and Military Service in Israel] (Tel Aviv: Ramot, 1996), p. 149.
25
Lt. Col. Margalit, “Nashim Be-TSAHAL—Mashav She-lo Mutsa” [Women in the IDF—an Underutilized Resource], in Ts. Ofer and A. Kover, eds.,
Echut mul Kamut
[Quality Versus Quantity] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot
,
1985), pp. 331-340.
26
Y. Knoller, “Yalda Yehudiya Lo Sholchim Le-shevi Ha-oyev” [A Jewish Girl Should Not Be Sent to Become a POW],
Ha-arets
, March 7, 1991, p. 4. In 1978 the total number of MOS was 709.
27
See table in Jerby,
Ha-mechir Ha-kaful
, p. 73; also Israel Women’s Lobby, “Nashim Ve-sherut Be-TSAHAL,” p. 19.
28
Yediot Acharonot
, September 13, 1992, p. 26.
29
Interview with Brig. Gen. Chedva Almog, CO, CHEN, in A. R. Bloom, “Women in the Defense Forces,” in B. Swirski and M. P. Safir, eds.,
Calling the Equality Bluff: Women in Israel
(New York: Pergamon Press, 1991), p. 135; interview with Brig. Gen. Yisraela Oron, CO, CHEN, in
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, August 15, 1997.
30
Israel’s Women Lobby, “Nashim Ve-sherut Be-TSAHAL,” p. 16.
31
U. Dayan quoted in S. Cohen and I. Soleyman, “Mi-tsva Ha-am Le-tsava Miktsoi?” [From a People’s Army to a Professional Army?],
Maarachot
341 (May-June 1995): 4.
32
Yediot Acharonot
, January 10, 1997, p. 12; O. Petersburg, “Ha-shin gimmel shel Ha-medina Hizhir” [The State’s M.P. Serves Warning],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, November 15, 1996.
33
Israel Women’s Lobby, “Nashim Ve-sherut Be-TSAHAL,” pp. 13, 19. However, women still constituted only 2 percent of colonels and brigadier generals;
Ha-arets
, April 25, 1995, p. 2.
34
Ch. Almog, “Sherut Ktisnot Be-TSAHAL—Tsipiyot Ve-efsharuyot” [Female Officers’ Service in the IDF—Expectations and Possibilities],
Maarachot
317 (October-November 1989): 40-43.
35
Cf. F. Raday, “Women, Work, and the Law,” in Swirski and Safir, eds.,
Calling the Equality Bluff
, pp. 178-186.
36
“Achat Esre Ha-muflaot,”
Yediot Acharonot
, January 10, 1997, p. 12; also, at greater length, R. Shaked, “Achat-Esre Ha-Noazot,”
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, January 10, 1997, pp. 18-19.
37
Yediot Acharonot
, December 13, 1996, p. 7.
38
S. Peres,
Kela David
(Jerusalem: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), p. 258. Note that in 1969 the United States also had the draft.
39
Higher Education Authority Information Bulletin 8 (August 1996): 8.
40
Cf. M. van Creveld,
The Training of Officers: From Military Professionalism to Irrelevance
(New York: Free Press, 1989), pp. 3-4.
41
D. Ben Gurion,
Yichud Ve-yeud: Devarim al Bitchon Yisrael
[A Unique Destiny: Notes on Israeli Defense] (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 1971), p. 305.
42
Cf. A. Lori, “Toar Akademai Im Kritsa” [A Degree with a Wink],
Ha-arets
weekend magazine, March 28, 1997, pp. 19-24.
43
A. Kahalani,
A Warrior’s Way
(New York: Shaplovsky, 1994), p. 409. At the time Kahalani was commandant of the staff college.
44
On September 15, 1997, Israel radio announced that the treasury was attempting to dissuade the IDF from implementing the program on grounds of cost.
45
Cf. M. Janowitz,
The Professional Soldier
(New York: Free Press, 1971).