21
On the nature and implications of this case see ibid., p. 75 ff.
22
R. Gal, “Aspektim Psychologiyim Ve-Musariyim Be-hitmodedut Chayalei-TSAHAL im Ha-intifada” [Psychological and Moral Aspects of the IDF’s Struggle Against the
Intifada
], in R. Gal, ed.,
Ha-milchama Ha-sheviit
[The Seventh War] (Tel Aviv: Ha-kibbuts Ha-meuchad, 1990), p. 143.
23
Figure from IDF spokesman,
Ha-arets
, November 29, 1994, p. 1.
24
A. Ringel Hoffman, “Tsahal Neged Tsahal” [IDF Versus IDF], part 2,
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, January 24, 1997, p. 26.
25
J. Cohen, “Mi-Pikkud Tsafon Tetse Ha-raa” [From Northern Front Will Evil Start],
Kol Ha-ir
, October 20, 1995, pp. 27-30.
26
A. Ringel Hoffman, “Tsahal Neged Tsahal,” part 1,
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, January 17, 1997, pp. 62-66, 98.
27
A. Ringel-Hofman, “Hitkomemut Ha-alufim” [The Generals’ Revolt],
Yediot Acharonot
, March 14, 1997, p. 18.
28
A. Klivnov, “Hirhurim Be-yom Huladeto Ha-shmonim shel Ha-tank” [Thoughts at the Tank’s 80th Birthday],
Ba-shiryon
1 (October 1996): 45.
29
Figure from S. A. Cohen,
Towards a New Portrait of a (New) Israeli Soldier
(Ramat Gan: BESA Center, 1997), p. 104.
30
See the various tables in D. Ashkenazy,
The Military in the Service of Society and Democracy
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), pp. 28-40.
31
E. Berkovits, “Ha-ish She-shaal Yoter Midai” [The Man Who Asked too Many Questions],
Kol Ha-ir
, August 25, 1995, p. 54.
33
Bernheimer, “Profil ’96” [A Profile for 1996],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, April 19, 1996, p. 16.
34
Maj. Gen. (ret.) Ran Goren, quoted in
Yediot Acharonot
, August 7, 1996, p. 10.
35
Report by chief of manpower division,
Ha-arets
, October 24, 1996, p. 1.
36
Ha-arets
, March 22, 1995, p. 1; Deputy Chief of Staff Vilnai on Israel Radio, December 26, 1996; also
Yediot Acharonot
, November 22, 1996, p. 4.
37
Bernheimer, “Profil ’96,” p. 14.
38
Yediot Acharonot
, August 15, 1996, p. 11.
39
E. Lebel, “Niflat Me-ha-sherut Be-shel Choser Hatama” [Discharged as Unfit],
Haarets
weekend magazine, April 4, 1997, p. 70.
40
Yediot Acharonot
, August 7, 1996, p. 10.
41
Figures, based on interview with chief of manpower division, in Cohen,
Towards a New Portrait
, p. 107.
42
A. Fishman, “Echad Mi-kol Chamisha Chayalim Lo Mesayem Sherut Chova Maleh Be-TSAHAL” [One out of Five Soldiers Does Not Complete His Conscript Service],
Yediot Acharonot
, September 2, 1996, p. 5.
43
The figure of 30 percent was mentioned by Ran Cohen, member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, as quoted on Israel Radio, August 23, 1996; Israel TV, December 4, 1996;
Maariv
, December 17, 1996, p. 1.
44
Yediot Acharonot
, October 24, 1996, p. 19. “Senior officers” quoted on IDF Radio on September 9, 1996, put the figure of those who actually serve at 16 percent.
45
Yediot Acharonot
, May 4, 1997, p. 1.
46
Yediot Acharonot
, October 24, 1996, p. 19.
47
Ha-arets
, April 29, 1997, p. 1.
48
R. Gabriel and P. Savage,
Crisis in Command
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1976).
CHAPTER 21
1
A. Ringel-Hoffman, “Milchamtam shel Ha-horim Ha-shakulim Be-TAAL Shiff” [The Bereaved Parents’ Battle Against Brigadier General Shiff],
Yediot Acharonot
, July 19, 1996, pp. 6-9; also S. A. Cohen,
Towards a New Portrait of a (New) Israeli Soldier
(Ramat Gan: BESA Center, 1997), p. 101.
2
M. Allon, “Ha-mered Ha-gadol Ba-Kommando Ha-yami” [The Great Revolt in the Naval Commando],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, December 6, 1996, pp. 7-10, 13.
3
Yediot Acharonot
, October 7, 1996, p. 9.
4
Israel Radio, December 15, 1996.
5
Ha-arets
, April 16, 1997, p. 1.
6
Yediot-Acharonot
, April 18, 1997, p. 5.
7
Ha-arets
, April 25, 1997, p. 4.
8
Quoted in
Yerushalayim
, November 2, 1996, p. 16.
9
Israel TV, October 29, 1996.
10
In particular,
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949
(1986), and
Israel’s Border Wars, 1949-1956
(1994).
11
War and Peace in the Middle East
(New York: Whittle, 1994).
12
On this subject see E. Blanche, “Middle East: Is the Myth Fading for the Israeli Army?”
Jane’s Intelligence Review
, October 1, 1996, pp. 5-6; A. Oren, “Mutar La-harog Shvuyim (Le-itim Rechokot)” [License to Kill Prisoners—Rarely],
Ha-arets
, March 28, 1997, p. 5; R. Eytan,
Sippur shel Chayal
[A Soldier’s Story] (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1991), p. 164; M. Allon, “Hereg-Ha-shvuyim” [Killing POWs],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, April 11, 1997, pp. 17-18.
13
The father of one soldier killed in Lebanon said his son, though forming part of an elite unit, would not wear his uniform while on leave for fear of being considered “a sucker”;
Yediot Acharonot
, May 18, 1997, p. 1.
14
R. Rosen and I. Hammerman,
Meshorerim lo Yichtevu Shirim
[Poets Will Remain Silent] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1990).
THE GOOD AND THE EVIL
1
For details see I. Shamir,
Hantscaha Ve-zikaron
[Commemoration and Remembrance] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1996), p. 104.
2
Cf. S. Feldman,
Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997).
3
Ha-arets
, May 19, 1994, p. 2.
4
E. Inbar,
Contours of Israel’s New Strategic Thinking
(Mideast Security and Policy Studies, BESA Center for Strategic Studies, Ramat Gan: Bar Illan University, 1996), pp. 57-63.
5
Israel Radio, April 14, 1997.
6
Y. Rabin in
Ba-machane
, September 23, 1992, p. 9.
7
Ha-arets
, April 29, 1997, p. 1.
8
Yediot Acharonot
, May 8, 1997, p. 17; May 9, 1997, p. 6; September 12, 1997, pp. 8-12.
9
Yediot Acharonot
, March 31, 1997, pp. 14-15.
10
On the process of legitimization see A. D. Epstein, “Ha-sarvanut Ha-matspunit Keindikator Le-yachasei Medina-Tsava-Ha-chevra Ha-ezrachit Be-yisrael” [Conscientious Objection as an Indicator for Relations Between State, Military, and Civil Society in Israel], M.A. thesis, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1997.
11
Major General Nativ, chief of manpower, as quoted in
Yediot Acharonot
, March 27, 1997, p. 2.
12
A. Fishman and Y. Adiram, “Achavat Ha-lochamim Nishberet” [Soldier’s Solidarity Breaking Down],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, March 7, 1997, pp. 14-15.
13
Yediot Acharonot
, May 5, 1997, p. 3.
14
A. Bernheimer, “Profil ’96” [A Profile for 1996],
Yediot Acharonot
weekend magazine, April 19, 1996, p. 16.
15
E. Ben Ari, “Chayalim Be-masechot” [Soldiers in Masks], in R. Gal, ed.,
Ha-milchama Ha-sheviit
[The Seventh War] (Tel Aviv: Ha-kibbuts Ha-meuchad, 1990), pp. 113-114, based on the author’s experiences in his reserve paratrooper battalion.
16
D. Horowitz and M. Lissak,
Trouble in Utopia
(New York: University of New York Press, 1989).
17
Cf. S. M. Lipset,
The Confidence Gap
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
INDEX
AH-1G/S Cobra helicopter
A-4 Skyhawk fighter during War of Attrition as nuclear delivery vehicle
Abd al Aziz, Lt. Col.
Abdullah, King of Trans-Jordan goals in Palestine
Abu Ageila, First Battle for Second Battle for
Abu Nidal
Achdut-Ha-avoda Party
Active armor, introduced
Adan, Gen. A.defends Sinai crosses Suez Canal
Afrika Korps
Agranat Commissionand 1973 War
Alexander II, Czar
Al Fatach
Ali, R.
Allon, Y.joins PALMACH commands PALMACH occupies Safed commands against Egyptians performance assessed and partition of Palestine and decision to assault Golan Heightsand post-1967 plans appointed foreign minister
Al Saiqa
Altalena
Amal
Amer, Fieldmarshal A. H., orders retreat from Sinai
Amin, Fieldmarshal I.
Amit, Gen. M.
Ammunition Hill, Battle of song in honor of
AMX-13 tank, used by IDF
Aoun, Gen. M.
Apache helicopter
Arab Legion, early history of and Battle for Jerusalem at Latrun in 1967 War
Arab Salvation Army defeated
Arab summit, first
Arab summit, third
Arafat, Y., establishes PLOin Lebanon
Arens, M.and Lavi aircraft appointed defense ministerwithdraws IDF from Lebanonduring Gulf crisisand Palestinian Uprising
Argov, S.
Armored corpsstatus reduced
Armored doctrine debate overafter 1973modified
“Arrow” ammunition
Assad, H.prepares 1973 War
Auftragstaktik
Avigur (Meirov), S.commands Hagana
Ayubi, M.
B-17, bombers, imported by Hagana modified by IAF
Bab el Wad, Battle for
Bader, Y.
Balfour Declaration
Barak, Gen. E.
Barak missile
Bar Giora
Bar Kochva (sports club)
Bar Lev, Gen. Ch. appointed COSand Sinai defenseleaves army assumes command of Southern Frontand Canal crossing
Bar Lev Line
Battle of the Roads
Battle of the Water
Beauforts, light bombers, imported by Hagana
Beer, Y.
Begin, B.
Begin, M.anti-British attacks at Dir Yassinand the sinking of
Altalena
and Cherut partyjoins cabinetbecomes prime minister annexes Golan Heights and involvement in Lebanonromantic view of warstarts Lebanese campaign resigns as prime ministerand settlements
Ben Ari, Col. U.
Ben Gal, Gen. A.commands in Lebanon evalautes Lebanese adventure
Ben Gurion (Gruen), D. heads Histadrut and Jewish Agencyand Wingate dismantles FOSH takes over Zionist leadership adopts “activist” line and Jewish brigadeand Beginand arms-purchases proclaims state of Israel orders the sinking of
Altalena
leads War of Independencedissolves PALMACHorders retreat from Egyptian territory and IDF performance in 1948 Warand learning and paritition of Palestineand censorshipand conscription of women resigns as prime minister resumes office and “Third Kingdom of Israel” on IDF’s role in society embarks on nuclear program