The Mind and the Brain (54 page)

directed mental effort, 223, 278

directed mental force, 18, 95, 242, 317, 321, 335, 355, 368, 372–73

distraction, attention vs., 17, 329–30, 338

Doetsch, Gernot, 168

dopamine, 238, 299

Doty, Robert, 28, 52, 300

double-slit experiment, 264–68,
265

drugs, 97, 105, 371

for depression, 245, 249, 371

for OCD, 58, 72–73, 105, 116

for Tourette’s syndrome, 238–39

dualism, Cartesian, 31–35, 42, 49, 50, 260, 287, 340, 349, 361, 364, 367, 373–74

dualistic interactionism, 45–46

Dukkha, 9

dyslexia, 217, 226–36, 254

dysphoria, 245–47

Eccles, John, 37–38, 45, 143, 304

Edelman, Gerald, 48

effortless volition, 301

Einstein, Albert, 270–71, 272, 274–75, 289, 299, 343–48

Elbert, Thomas, 189, 213–14, 220, 222

electroencephalograph (EEG), 303

electromagnetic energy, 261–62

electrons, 263, 267–69, 273, 344, 345, 346, 351

emergent materialism, 41–44

emergent phenomena, 350

empirical psychology, 23

empiricism, 7

E. M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., 233–34

entanglement, 344–45, 346, 347

epilepsy, 24, 96–98

epiphenomenalism, 39–41, 44, 51, 256–57, 292, 293

Eriksson, Peter, 253

Everett, Hugh, III, 271

evolutionary biology, 28, 40, 49

evolutionary theory, 318

executive attention network, 9

explanatory gap, 27–29

exposure and response prevention (ERP), 2–3, 5–6, 58–60, 75, 79, 87

exposure response management, 86–87

Fast ForWord, 232, 234–36

Faust, James, 193–94

Feynman, Richard, 264

Flanagan, Owen, 38

Flor, Herta, 189

flutter-vibration studies, 210–12

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 8, 23, 27, 73, 235–36, 241, 328, 331

Foa, Edna, 59–60, 91–92

focal hand dystonia, 202–4, 213, 215–21

force, 318

Four Step regimen:

fifteen-minute rule in, 84

in neuroplasticity, 244

for OCD, 14, 79–95,
89
, 248, 278, 291–93, 294–96, 310–11, 317, 318, 339, 342, 355, 360, 361, 368

Reattribute, 14, 81–84, 86, 87, 240, 243, 278

Refocus, 14, 83–86, 87, 91, 95, 240, 243, 247, 278, 295, 310–11, 317, 339, 354, 355, 359, 360, 361, 368

Relabel, 14, 79–84, 86, 87, 95, 240, 243, 278, 295, 355

Revalue, 14, 87–88, 240, 278, 292, 355, 361

for Tourette’s syndrome, 236–37, 240–43

Franz, S. Ivory, 165–66, 167, 206

Freeman, John, 98

free will, 276, 290, 296, 298–99, 300, 301, 320

anterior cingulate sulcus and, 48

behaviorism and, 259

materialism vs., 8, 50–51, 94–95, 260, 288, 299

morality and, 258, 302–3, 308

in neuroscience, 294, 298, 303–16

see also
volition

Freud, Sigmund, 8, 57, 186

Frith, Chris, 311

frontal cortex, 24, 244, 314

see also
orbital frontal cortex

frontal lobes, 127–28, 129, 293, 331, 340

left, 197

right, 197

functionalism, 38–39

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 8, 23, 27, 73, 235–36, 241, 328, 331

fusiform face area, 336–37

Gabrieli, John, 235

Gage, Fred, 252–53

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 105

genetics, 8, 112, 299–300, 303, 320, 365–66

geniculate nucleus, lateral (LGN), 115, 123

genome, human, 111, 366

Gerone, Peter, 153–54, 156–57

Giedd, Jay, 128, 129

Gisin, Niculus, 348

globus pallidus, 71

lateral,
69

glutamate, 107

Goode, David, 195

Gorbis, Eda, 91–92

Gould, Elizabeth, 252–53

Gould, Stephen Jay, 40

Grafman, Jordan, 100, 200, 250

Granit, Ragnar, 143

Graybiel, Ann, 68–70, 72

Greenberger, Daniel, 262

Gregory, Richard, 306

growth cones, 116

habit modulation, 243

Hallett, Mark, 198

haloperidol, 238

Hand, Iver, 60, 86–87

Hebb, Donald, 107, 166, 172

Hebbian plasticity, 107–8, 118, 166, 172, 216

Heisenberg, Werner, 255, 272, 274, 280–81, 282

Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
265
, 297, 310, 357–58, 362

hemispherectomy, 98–99

Herrick, C. J., 39–40

Higley, J. Dee, 161–62

hippocampus, 24,
94
, 97, 251–53, 314

Hippocrates, 23

Hodgson, David, 258–59

Hubel, David, 25, 122–23, 149, 167, 177, 178, 182–83

human genome, 111, 366

humanism, biological, 372

identity theory, 30

Impartial Spectator, 244, 248

indeterminism, 301–2

Ingvar, David, 311

Institute for Behavioral Research (IBR), 132–36, 144–62

interference pattern, 265, 267

interpersonal therapy, 250

ions, 104–5, 268, 284, 353, 357, 358

Jackson, Frank, 28–29

James, William, 11, 18, 21, 35, 40–41, 44, 103, 281, 300, 319, 322

on brain plasticity, 163–64, 165, 175

on mind and will, 17, 93, 259–61, 374

and volition and attention, 293, 301–2, 309, 310, 317, 323–27, 340, 342, 360, 364, 369–70

Jenkins, William, 177, 181–82, 188, 204, 205, 209–11, 224, 228, 232, 233–34

Jones, Edward, 224

Journal of Consciousness Studies (JCS)
, 17, 48, 50, 290–93, 296–98, 303

Kaas, Jon, 175–78, 182–83, 204

Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 249

Kafatos, Menas, 349

Kaku, Michio, 263

Kalaska, John, 167

Kandel, Eric, 108–10

Kant, Immanuel, 35, 298–99

Kanwisher, Nancy, 336–37

karma, 52, 294, 310, 321, 369, 370–71, 375

Kastner, Sabine, 327

Kelahan, Andrew, 168

Key, T. H., 21

Kidwell, Chelsea, 195

Kilpatrick, James J., 152

Klinke, Rainer, 125–26

Kornhuber, Hans, 303–4

Kosslyn, Stephen, 356

Kozak, Michael, 57–58, 59–60

Kuhl, Patricia, 118–20, 227

Kuhn, Thomas, 281

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 34–35

language, 197, 227

brain and, 99–100, 118–20, 168–69

SLI and, 226–36, 254

in stroke, 99–100, 196–98

Lashley, Karl, 166, 167, 178, 208

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 115, 123

learned nonuse, 142, 146–47, 160–61, 184

learning-based representational catastrophe, 218

Leckman, Jim, 239–43

leptin, 299

Levine, Joseph, 28

Lewontin, Richard, 28, 40

LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus), 115, 123

Liberman, Robert, 86

Libet, Benjamin, 291, 295, 296, 303–12

Liepert, Joachim, 192

light, 264–67

limbic system, 68, 69, 114

lobotomy, prefrontal, 312

locality, 344–45, 347–48

locked-in syndrome, 315–16

London taxi driver study, 250–52

long-latency neural responses, 126

Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALS), 315

Lowe, Michael, 298

Lowenstein, Daniel, 130

Lucretius, 290

Luders, Hans, 97

Luvox, 58

macaques,
see
Silver Spring monkeys

McFarland, Carl, 187

McGinn, Colin, 29–30, 36

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 98, 128, 251, 262

magnetoencephalograph (MEG), 189, 214

Maguire, Eleanor, 251

Mahasi Sayadaw, 77

Mahoney, David, 228

massed practice, 239

materialism, 24–25, 30–32, 34–39, 309, 318–20, 341, 374–75

biological, 371–73

classical physics and, 18, 30–31, 319, 350, 361

consciousness and, 28, 38–39, 52, 255–58, 260

“don’t-have-a-clue,” 46

dualism vs., 31–32, 34–35, 49–50, 260

emergent, 41–44

free will vs., 8, 50–51, 94–95, 260, 288, 299

morality and, 257–58, 374

neuroscience and, 37, 371, 372, 374–75

quantum physics and, 283

materialist determinism, 19, 42, 374

materialist reductionism, 14, 37, 255, 341

matrisomes, 68,
69

medial globus pallidus,
69

median nerve, 177

meditation:

consciousness and, 291

mindfulness, 10–11, 17, 76–77, 78, 83, 257, 293, 301, 370

Transcendental, 291

MEG (magnetoencephalograph), 189, 214

memory, 196, 216

molecular basis of, 110

motor cortex and, 217

muscle, 217

mental effort, 342, 354,
362
, 367, 370

directed, 228, 278

mental force, 42–44, 52–53, 257, 278–79, 288, 291, 295–98, 317–18, 320–21, 355, 359, 362, 364, 374

directed, 18, 95, 242, 317, 321, 335, 355, 368, 372–73

mental imagery, 313

mentalistic materialism, 38–39

Merzenich, Michael, 103, 159–60, 173–81, 183–84, 188, 193, 204–5, 208–10, 212–13, 215–19, 224, 226–30, 232–36, 250, 253, 254, 318, 337–39, 353, 366, 367

Meyer, Victor, 58–59

midbrain, 114

Miller, Steve, 226, 231, 234

mind, 52, 283, 302, 319, 340, 353, 357–58

brain and, 9, 20–53, 60, 224, 240, 244, 250, 257, 259–60, 261, 277, 287–89,
290, 293–97, 337, 339, 350, 364, 365, 369, 371–74

quantum physics in, 44, 45, 297, 342, 350, 374

mind-body medicine, 244

mind-body problem,
see
mind-matter problem

mind-brain duality,
see
Cartesian dualism

mindful experiencing/being, 248

mindfulness, mindful awareness, 10–12, 255, 278, 311, 367, 369

attention and, 294, 296, 334–36, 339, 355

brain function and, 12–15

in Buddhism, 14, 17, 52, 76–77, 309

Quantum Zeno Effect of, 354

in treating depression, 244–50

in treating OCD, 12–15, 61, 77–79, 82–83, 87–88, 92, 95, 130, 236–37, 239–44, 246–48, 257, 278, 309, 318–19, 341–42, 355–56, 359–60, 368

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 95, 245–50

mindfulness meditation, 10–11, 17, 76–77, 78, 83, 257, 293,301,370

mind-matter problem, 28, 32–35, 37, 38–46, 48–50, 53, 93–94, 287, 288, 289, 292, 296

in classical physics, 349–50, 366

Mises, Ludwig von, 87

Mishkin, Mortimer, 154–55, 157, 161, 183

Mitchell, Silas Weir, 184

monkeys:

neuroplasticity of, 15, 132, 139, 155, 162, 165–67, 178, 205–13, 227, 230, 235, 318, 338

owl, 178, 180–84, 209–12, 215–16, 219

rhesus, 137

Silver Spring,
see
Silver Spring monkeys

squirrel, 175, 178, 205, 206

Moody, Alexandria, 98–99

morality, 53

attention and, 370

Cartesian dualism and, 373–74

classical physics and, 374

free will and, 258, 302–3, 308

materialism and, 19, 257–58, 374

quantum physics and, 276–77, 374

science and, 52–53, 364

motor cortex,
63, 69, 94
, 138, 164–66, 172, 196, 311, 315–16

CI therapy and, 193, 195

cortical reorganization of, 205–9, 221, 223, 338, 339

mapping of, 178–79, 205–8, 217

primary, 205

remapping of, 225

motor-cortex memory, 217

motor-cortex representation, 221

motor function, 134, 192

motor homunculus,
170
, 171–72, 196, 217

motor nerves, 137–38

Mott, F. W., 137

movement:

nonmindful, 301

volitional, 141, 301

movement maps, 206–7

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 98, 128, 251, 262

Mühlnickel, Werner, 222

Munk, H., 139–40

muscle memory, 217

music, brain’s storage of, 97–98

musicians, 96–98, 201–3, 214–15, 217, 218, 220–21, 225, 318, 339

Musso, Mariacristina, 198

myelination, 114, 129

myelin sheaths,
104

Nadeau, Robert, 349

negative feedback, 146

negative reinforcement, 135, 140–41

nerves:

median, 177

motor, 137–38

optic, 101, 198

peripheral, 174, 176, 204, 366

postsynaptic terminals,
104

presynaptic terminals,
104

radial, 177

retinal, 177

sensory, 137–38, 174

ulnar, 177

neural circuits, 320

neuroanatomy, 164 of OCD, 60, 61–65

neurobiology, 28, 261, 327, 372

basics of, 103–6

of volition, 295

neurochemistry, of behavior, 299–300, 320, 371

neurogenesis, 251, 252–53

neuronal activity, subcortical, 242

neuronal connections, 244

neuronal networks, 130, 192

neuronal representation, 340