The Mind and the Brain (55 page)

neurons, 19, 25, 109, 172, 253, 254, 289, 305, 311, 318, 321, 357

all-or-none property of, 107

attention and, 327–31,
333
, 338, 340, 367

auditory, 120, 125, 167, 227, 231, 232

brain, 26, 175, 309, 365, 366, 373

in children, 99

connections made by, 111–31

consciousness and, 27, 36, 39, 46, 48, 256

cortical, 171, 183, 207–8

description and function of, 103–6,
104

excitatory, 106

fetal, 112–13, 117

in infant brain, 110, 114–17, 126–27, 183

inhibitory, 106

mental forces and, 42–43

in OFC, 72

peripheral, 186

postsynaptic, 105–6, 107–8, 358

presynaptic, 105, 107–8

somatosensory, 158–59, 216

subjective mental states and, 28–30, 256, 257, 283

tonically active, 68–70,
69

visual, 101, 122–23, 329

neurophysiology, 37, 134

neuroplasticity, 15–16, 96–131, 175, 337, 374

of adolescents, 127–29, 130, 199

of adults, 15, 110, 130–31, 132, 139, 162, 163–64, 167, 168, 172–73, 177, 180, 199, 213–15, 223, 236, 252, 253, 254, 366, 367

attention in, 212, 215, 220, 222, 224, 233, 243, 248, 318, 321–22, 334, 338–42, 367, 368–69

of auditory cortex, 212, 228, 338

bottom-up, 250

of cats and kittens, 122–23, 125–26, 167–68, 183

of children, 98–102, 110, 117, 199, 208, 215, 234–35, 366

cross-modal functional plasticity, 198

cross-modal reassignment in, 100–101

directed or induced, 19–20, 110, 200

in ferrets, 101–3

focal hand dystonia and, 218–21

Hebbian plasticity, 107–8, 118, 166, 172, 216

of infants, 15, 126–27, 199, 234

language and, 118–20

learning and, 163, 208

in London taxi drivers, 250–52

of monkeys, 15, 132, 139, 155, 162, 165–67, 178, 205–13, 227, 230, 235, 318, 338

neurological illness and, 217–18

in OCD, 15, 16, 217, 359,
363

in raccoons, 168

in rats, 167, 168

self-directed, 18, 94, 254, 295–96, 318, 340, 368, 372–73

in stroke patients, 187–200

top-down, 250

use-dependent cortical reorganization in, 204–24

see also
cortical reorganization

neuropsychiatry, 12, 365, 369

neuroscience:

consciousness and, 48–49, 256–57

developmental, 122

free will and, 294, 298, 303–16

materialism in, 37, 371, 372, 374–75

philosophy and, 173

subjective experience and, 256

neurotransmitters, 8,
104
, 105–6, 108, 111, 252, 256, 261, 284, 300, 357, 358,
362
, 369

quantum mechanics and, 37–38, 268

Newkirk, Ingrid, 132–33, 135–36, 154, 161

Newsom, William, 25

Newton, Isaac, 30–31, 259, 260, 261, 268, 289, 361

Newtonian physics,
see
classical physics

Nichols, M. James, 25

nonlocality, 348–50, 351, 354, 374

nucleus,
104

Nudo, Randolph, 205–7, 209

Nyanaponika Thera, 10, 76–77

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 9, 18, 42, 54–65, 70–95, 254

attention and, 14, 85, 341–42, 354, 359–60, 362

behaviorist approaches in treatment of, 1–7, 59–61, 74–76

brain mapping in, 72–75, 80–81

cognitive-behavioral therapy for, 14, 61, 70–71, 77–78, 92–93, 95, 130, 241, 291, 297, 316, 320,
363

consciousness and, 292, 295, 296, 316–17

cortical reorganization in, 88–91, 163, 198–99, 240, 249, 250, 277–78, 288, 290, 291–92, 295–96, 316–18, 321–22, 340, 355

definition of, 1, 55

directed mental force in, 18, 95

ego-dystonic character of, 13, 55–56, 60–61, 74, 341, 350, 368

exposure and response prevention for, 2–3, 5–6, 58–60, 75, 79, 87

Four Step regimen for, 14, 79–95,
89
, 248, 278, 291–92, 293, 294–96, 310–11, 317, 318, 339, 342, 355, 360, 361, 368

medication for, 58, 72–73, 105, 116

mindfulness and, 12–15, 61, 77–79, 82–83, 87–88, 92, 95, 130, 236–37, 239–44, 246–48, 257, 278, 309, 318–19, 341–42, 355–56, 359–60, 368

neuroplasticity and, 15, 16, 163, 217, 295–96, 318, 359,
363

OCD circuit in brain, 60, 61–65,
63
, 71–75, 80–81, 85, 88–91, 93,
94
, 237, 241, 244, 295, 316, 355–56,
362, 363

philosophy and, 291

prefrontal cortex in, 74,
94
, 241,
363

psychoanalysis and, 57, 75

symptoms of, 12–13, 54–56

volition and, 291, 295, 341, 355

occipital cortex,
63, 94

occipital lobes, 336

operant conditioning, 239

optic nerve, 101, 198

orbital frontal cortex (OFC), 62–68,
63, 69
, 71–74, 80, 85, 90–91, 93,
94
, 241, 356,
362
, 368

owl monkeys, 178, 180–84, 209–12, 215–16, 219

Pacheco, Alex, 132–36, 148–49, 151, 153, 155–56

Pagels, Heinz, 273

panprotopsychism, 47

Parent, Jack, 130

parietal cortex, 331, 335

parietal lobes, 129, 331

left, 100, 197

right, 100

particles, 263–64, 267–69, 284, 343–44, 346–47

Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 213, 217, 220, 318, 339, 353–54

Passingham, Dick, 334–35

Pauli, Wolfgang, vii, 272, 279, 287 Paxil, 58

Penfield, Wilder, 24, 37, 45, 169, 172

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 133, 136, 151–56, 158, 161

peripheral nerves, 174, 176, 204, 366

perisylvian, left, 99–100

PET,
see
positron emission tomography

Peterson, Brad, 241

phantom limb, 184–86

philosophy, 11, 35

Buddhist,
see
Buddhism

classical physics and, 296

neuroscience and, 173

OCD and, 291

process, 45

and quantum physics, 255, 287, 293

realism in, 346

phonemes, 226–27, 229–35

acoustically modified, 233

phonemic mapping, 230

phonemic processing deficits, 229

phonological processing deficit, 228

phonological representation, 232

photons, 266–68, 269, 337, 347, 348, 351

phrenology, 23, 24

physical therapy, 195

for focal hand dystonia, 103, 219–21

for stroke, 187

physics:

classical,
see
classical physics

quantum,
see
quantum physics

Piacentini, John, 242–44, 254

pi mesons, 344–45

pimozide, 238

Planck, Max, 261–62

plasticity,
see
neuroplasticity

Podolsky, Boris, 343–47

pointillism, 337

Pomeranz, Bruce, 167

Pons, Tim, 154–55, 157, 159, 161, 167, 183–84, 185, 186, 189

Pope, Alexander, 30

Popper, Karl, 45

positron emission tomography (PET), 4, 8, 12, 23, 62, 64, 67–68, 72–73, 79–81, 85, 88–90,
89
, 93–94, 197, 199, 240, 262, 278, 288, 291–92, 294, 313–15, 334–35, 354–55, 368

positrons, 344, 345, 346

postsynaptic nerve terminals,
104

prefrontal cortex,
63
, 67–68, 69, 74,
94
, 241, 309, 315, 331, 335–36, 340,
363

dorsal, 93,
94

dorsolateral, 311, 312

inferior, 66

lateral,
69

left, 197, 235–36

in OCD, 74,
94
, 241, 363

orbital, 74–75

right, 197

ventral, 66

volition and, 311–12

prefrontal lobotomy, 312

premotor cortex,
69

presynaptic nerve terminals,
104

probability wave, 276

process philosophy, 45

Prozac, 58

psychoanalysis, 57, 75, 239–40

psychology, 23, 259, 260, 319

putamen,
63
, 67,
94
, 241

qualia, 36, 38–39

quanta, 261–62, 348

quantum physics, 19, 51, 91, 258–89, 295, 321–22, 370, 375

of attention, 278, 321, 324, 325, 357,
362–63

brain and, 44, 45, 95, 284–86, 321–22, 342, 350, 357–58

classical physics vs., 16, 43–44, 48, 263–64, 276–77, 289, 293, 297

consciousness in, 16–17, 48, 272, 274, 276, 277, 280, 282, 283, 285–86, 288–89, 297–98, 319–20, 374

Copenhagen Interpretation in, 272–74, 275, 283, 346

Dirac choice in, 282

Einstein on, 343–44, 346–47

entanglement in, 344–45, 346, 347

Heisenberg choice in, 282, 354

hidden variables in, 270–71

indeterminism in, 262–63

many-minds view in, 271

many-worlds view in, 263, 271–72

and materialism, 283

mind in, 44, 45, 297, 342, 350, 374

morality and, 276–77, 374

neurotransmitters and, 37–38, 268

nonlocality in, 348–50, 351, 354, 374

observation in, 263–64, 269, 272–74, 275–76, 278–82, 285, 287, 344–46, 349, 352, 359

philosophy and, 255, 287, 293

subatomic particles in,
see
particles

volition and, 16–17, 37–38, 276, 293–94, 298, 319–20, 321–22, 325, 361, 364

quantum theory of consciousness, 342–43

Quantum Zeno Effect, 351–54, 356–57, 359, 364, 374

Quintero, Victor, 185

radial glia, 113

radial nerve, 177

Ramachandran, V. S., 184–87, 189

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 130, 167, 254

Rasmussen, Steen, 41

Rasmusson, Douglas, 168

Raub, William, 153, 154, 155

Rauch, Scott, 73

Ray, Johnny, 315

readiness potential (
Bereitschaftpotential
), 303–6

reading,
see
specific language impairment

realism, 346, 348

Reattribute, 14, 81–84, 86, 87, 240, 243, 278

Recanzone, Greg, 210–12, 233

receptors,
104
, 111

reductionism, materialist, 14, 37, 255, 341

reflex circuitry, 138

reflexive behavior, 32

Refocus, 14, 83–86, 87, 91, 95, 240, 243, 247, 278, 295, 310–11, 317, 339, 354, 355, 359, 360, 361, 368

Relabel, 14, 79–84, 86, 87, 95, 240, 243, 278, 295, 355

relaxation training, 239

representation, 167

cortical,
see
cortical representation

motor-cortex, 221

neuronal, 340

phonological, 232

somatosensory, 170–71, 184, 186, 208, 220

representation zone, 169

res cogitans
, 32

res extensa
, 32

retina, 101, 102, 123, 125, 198, 336, 337

retinal nerves, 177

Return to Innocence, A
(Schwartz), 255, 257, 278

Revalue, 14, 87–88, 240, 278, 292, 355, 361

rhesus monkeys, 137

Right Effort, 18

Robertson, Ian, 334, 340

Rogers, Carl, 299

Rolls, E. T., 63–65

Rose, Charlie, 152, 155

Rose, Steven, 37, 49

Rosen, James, 298

Rosen, Nathan, 343–47

Rothman, Tony, 352–53

samatha
, 370

Sanders, Calvin, 151

Sayadaw, Ledi, 321, 370

S. B., 313–15

schizophrenia, 9, 311, 313, 314, 320, 321

Schreiner, Christoph, 228

Schrödinger, Erwin, 268, 275, 323, 344

Schrödinger’s cat, 275–76, 281, 285, 345, 356

Schrödinger wave equation, 268–70, 273, 282–83, 284, 293, 358–59

Schrödinger wave function,
see
wave function

Schwann cells,
104

science:

and cult of scientism, 6

as modern religion, 300

morality and, 52–53, 364

questions pursued in, 7–8

Scientific Learning Corp., 234–35

scientific materialism,
see
materialism

scientific revolution, 8, 276

scientism, cult of, 6

Searle, John, 27, 50–51

sea snail (
Aplysia californica
), 108–10

Segal, Zindel, 244

Segrè, Emilio, 343

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 58, 72–73